Ibyuma by'ubukanishibigira uruhare runini mu kwirinda gusohoka kw'amazi ku nganda nyinshi zitandukanye. Mu nganda zo mu mazi haripompe ifunga imashini, imigozi izenguruka. Kandi mu nganda za peteroli na gaze hariimashini zifunga amakatiriji,Ibyuma by'imashini bitandukanya cyangwa ibyuma by'imashini byumye. Mu nganda z'imodoka hari ibyuma by'imashini bivanga amazi. Kandi mu nganda z'imiti hari ibyuma by'imashini bivanga (agitator mechanical seals) n'ibyuma by'imashini bivanga compressor.
Biterwa n'imiterere itandukanye y'ikoreshwa, bisaba uburyo bwo gufunga ibikoresho hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga butandukanye. Hari ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibikoresho bikoreshwa muriifunga ry'imirongo y'icyuma nk'udupfundikizo twa keramike, udupfundikizo twa karuboni, udupfundikizo twa silicone carbide,Ibyuma bya SSIC by'imashini n'ibifungaIbyuma bya TC by'imashini.
Ibyuma by'imashini bya keramike
Ifuru za ceramic ni ingenzi mu bikorwa bitandukanye by’inganda, zigamije gukumira amazi ava hagati y’ubuso bubiri, nko kuzunguruka kw’imashini n’aho ihagarara. Izi furu zihabwa agaciro gakomeye kubera ubushobozi bwazo bwo kudashira, kudashwanyagurika no kwihanganira ubushyuhe bukabije.
Inshingano nyamukuru y'udupfundikizo twa keramike ni ugukomeza ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho binyuze mu gukumira ibura cyangwa kwanduza amazi. Dukoreshwa mu nganda nyinshi, harimo peteroli na gaze, gutunganya imiti, gutunganya amazi, imiti, no gutunganya ibiribwa. Gukoresha cyane utu dupfundikizo bishobora guterwa n'imiterere yatwo irambye; dukozwe mu bikoresho bya keramike bigezweho bitanga imikorere myiza ugereranyije n'ibindi bikoresho bya keramike.
Ibyuma bya ceramic bigizwe n'ibice bibiri by'ingenzi: kimwe ni isura ihoraho (ubusanzwe ikozwe mu bikoresho bya ceramic), ikindi ni isura izenguruka (isanzwe ikozwe muri grafiti ya karuboni). Igikorwa cyo gufunga kibaho iyo impande zombi zihujwe hamwe hakoreshejwe imbaraga z'isoko, bigatuma habaho uruzitiro rukora neza rwo kwirinda amazi ava. Uko ibikoresho bikora, icyuma gisiga amavuta hagati y'isura zifunga kigabanya kwangirika no kwangirika mu gihe gikomeza gufunga neza.
Ikintu cy'ingenzi gitandukanya imitako ya ceramic n'indi miterere ni uko idasaza cyane. Ibikoresho bya ceramic bifite ubushobozi bwo gukomera butuma bihangana n'ibihe byo kwangirika nta kwangirika gukomeye. Ibi bituma imitako imara igihe kirekire idasaba gusimbuzwa cyangwa gusanwa kenshi ugereranyije n'iyakozwe mu bikoresho byoroshye.
Uretse kuba ibikoresho bya keramike bidashobora kwangirika, bifite ubushyuhe budasanzwe kandi bitanga ubushyuhe budasanzwe. Bishobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi bitangiritse cyangwa ngo bibure ubushobozi bwo gufunga. Ibi bituma bikoreshwa mu bushyuhe bwinshi aho ibindi bikoresho bishobora kwangirika imburagihe.
Hanyuma, imashini zifunga zikoreshwa mu byuma bikoreshwa mu byuma bitanga ubushobozi bwo guhuza neza n’ibinyabutabire, kandi zirwanya ibintu bitandukanye byangiza. Ibi bituma ziba amahitamo meza ku nganda zikoresha imiti ikaze n’amazi ashyushye.
Ibyuma by'imashini bya ceramic ni ingenziibifunga by'ibicebyagenewe gukumira amazi ava mu bikoresho by'inganda. Imiterere yabyo yihariye, nko kudasaza, kudahindagurika mu bushyuhe, no guhuza imiti n'ibindi bikoresho, bituma biba amahitamo meza mu bikorwa bitandukanye mu nganda nyinshi.
| umutungo kamere w'ibumba | ||||
| Ibipimo bya tekiniki | ishami | 95% | 99% | 99.50% |
| Ubucucike | g/cm3 | 3.7 | 3.88 | 3.9 |
| Ubukomere | HRA | 85 | 88 | 90 |
| Igipimo cy'ubushyuhe | % | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.15 |
| Imbaraga zo kwangirika kw'amagufwa | MPa | 250 | 310 | 350 |
| Ingano y'ubushyuhe | 10(-6)/K | 5.5 | 5.3 | 5.2 |
| Ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubushyuhe | W/MK | 27.8 | 26.7 | 26 |
Ibyuma bya karuboni bifunga
Ifu ya karuboni ikoze mu buryo bwa mekanike ifite amateka maremare. Graphite ni isoform ya karuboni. Mu 1971, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zize ku bikoresho bya mekanike byo gufunga bya graphite, byakemuye ukuva kw'ingufu za atome. Nyuma yo gutunganya cyane, graphite ihinduka ibikoresho byiza byo gufunga, bikorerwamo ifu ya karuboni itandukanye ikozwe mu buryo bwo gufunga. Izi fu ya karuboni ikoreshwa mu nganda zikora imiti, peteroli, n'amashanyarazi nka fluid seal ikoreshwa mu bushyuhe bwinshi.
Kubera ko grafiti ihinduka ikorwa no kwaguka kwa grafiti yagutse nyuma y'ubushyuhe bwinshi, ingano y'ibikoresho bihuza isigara muri grafiti ihinduka ni nto cyane, ariko ntabwo ari yose, bityo kubaho n'imiterere y'ibikoresho bihuza bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bwiza n'imikorere y'umusaruro.
Guhitamo ibikoresho byo ku ruhande rwa Carbon Seal
Umuvumbuzi wa mbere yakoresheje aside sulfurike yikubise nk'umusemburo ugabanya ubushyuhe n'ubuvanganzo. Ariko, nyuma yo gushyirwa ku gipfundikizo cy'igice cy'icyuma, ingano nto ya sulfuri isigaye muri graphite ihinduka yangiza icyuma gihuza ibyuma nyuma yo gukoreshwa igihe kirekire. Kubera iyo mpamvu, bamwe mu bahanga mu bya siyansi bo mu gihugu bagerageje kuyinoza, nka Song Kemin wahisemo aside asetiki na aside organic aho gukoresha aside sulfurike, igabanya ubushyuhe mu cyumba, ikozwe mu ruvange rwa aside nitrike na aside asetiki. Mu gukoresha uruvange rwa aside nitrike na aside asetiki nk'umusemburo ushyiramo, graphite ya expanded idafite sulfuri yateguwe na permanganate ya potasiyumu nk'umusemburo, maze aside asetiki yongerwa buhoro buhoro muri aside nitrike. Ubushyuhe buragabanuka bukagera ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba, hanyuma uruvange rwa aside nitrike na aside asetiki rugakorwa. Hanyuma graphite karemano na permanganate ya potasiyumu byongerwa kuri uru ruvange. Mu gihe cyo kuvanga buri gihe, ubushyuhe ni 30 C. Nyuma yo gukora iminota 40, amazi yogezwa kugeza ku rugero rwo hasi hanyuma akamishwa kuri 50 ~ 60 C, hanyuma grafiti yagutse igakorwa nyuma yo kwaguka k'ubushyuhe bwinshi. Ubu buryo ntibugera ku bushyuhe bukabije mu gihe ibicuruzwa bishobora kugera ku rugero runaka rwo kwaguka, kugira ngo bigere ku buryo buhamye bw'ibikoresho byo gufunga.
| Ubwoko | M106H | M120H | M106K | M120K | M106F | M120F | M106D | M120D | M254D |
| Ikirango | Yatewe inda | Yatewe inda | Phenol yatewe inda | Antimoni Karuboni (A) | |||||
| Ubucucike | 1.75 | 1.7 | 1.75 | 1.7 | 1.75 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
| Imbaraga zo Gucikamo ibice | 65 | 60 | 67 | 62 | 60 | 55 | 65 | 60 | 55 |
| Imbaraga zo Gukanda | 200 | 180 | 200 | 180 | 200 | 180 | 220 | 220 | 210 |
| Ubukomere | 85 | 80 | 90 | 85 | 85 | 80 | 90 | 90 | 65 |
| Ubwinshi bw'amabara | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1.5 | <1.5 | <1.5 |
| Ubushyuhe | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 400 | 400 | 450 |
Ibyuma bya Silicon Carbide bya mekanike
Karubide ya silicon (SiC) izwi kandi nka carborundum, ikorwa mu mucanga wa quartz, peteroli coke (cyangwa coke y'amakara), uduce tw'ibiti (tugomba kongerwamo iyo hakorwa karubide ya silicon y'icyatsi) n'ibindi. Karubide ya silicon ifite kandi amabuye y'agaciro adakunze kuboneka, mulberry. Muri C, N, B n'ibindi bikoresho fatizo bitagira oxide, karubide ya silicon ni kimwe mu bikoresho bikoreshwa cyane kandi bihendutse, bishobora kwitwa umucanga w'icyuma cya zahabu cyangwa umucanga utagira oxide. Kuri ubu, umusaruro wa karubide ya silicon mu Bushinwa ugabanyijemo karubide ya silicon y'umukara na karubide ya silicon y'icyatsi, byombi bikaba ari kristu zifite uburebure bwa hexagonal zifite igipimo cya 3.20 ~ 3.25 n'ubukomere bwa micro 2840 ~ 3320kg / m².
Ibicuruzwa bya karubide ya silikoni bishyirwa mu moko menshi bitewe n’imiterere itandukanye y’aho bikorerwa. Muri rusange ikoreshwa cyane mu buryo bwa mekanike. Urugero, karubide ya silikoni ni ibikoresho byiza cyane byo gufunga karubide ya silikoni kubera ko irwanya ingese, imbaraga nyinshi, ubukana bwinshi, idashira neza, igabanya ubukana buke n’ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Impeta za SIC Seal zishobora kugabanywamo impeta idahinduka, impeta yimuka, impeta irambuye n'ibindi. Silikoni ya SiC ishobora gukorwamo ibicuruzwa bitandukanye bya karubide, nka silicon carbide rotary ring, silicon carbide stationary seat, silicon carbide bush, n'ibindi, hakurikijwe ibisabwa byihariye by'abakiriya. Ishobora kandi gukoreshwa hamwe n'ibikoresho bya grafiti, kandi coefficient yayo yo gukururana ni ntoya ugereranyije na alumina ceramic na hard alloy, bityo ishobora gukoreshwa mu gaciro ka PV, cyane cyane iyo irimo aside ikomeye na alkali ikomeye.
Kugabanuka kw'ubushyuhe bwa SIC ni imwe mu nyungu z'ingenzi zo kuyikoresha mu byuma bifunga. Bityo, SIC ishobora kwihanganira kwangirika kurusha ibindi bikoresho, bigatuma igihe cyo kuyifunga kirushaho kuba kirekire. Byongeye kandi, kugabanuka kw'ubushyuhe bwa SIC bigabanya gukenera amavuta. Kubura amavuta bigabanya amahirwe yo kwandura no kwangirika, bigatuma imikorere myiza n'ubwirinzi birushaho kwiyongera.
SIC kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo kwangirika cyane. Ibi bigaragaza ko ishobora gukomeza gukoreshwa idasenyuka cyangwa ngo ivunike. Ibi bituma iba ibikoresho byiza cyane byo gukoreshwa bisaba urwego rwo hejuru rwo kwizerwa no kuramba.
Ishobora kandi kongera gushyirwaho imigozi no gusigwa kugira ngo agapfundikizo gashobore kuvugururwa inshuro nyinshi mu gihe cyose kamaze. Muri rusange gakoreshwa cyane mu buryo bwa mekanike, nko mu gapfundikizo ka mekanike kubera ko gafite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese, gukomera cyane, gukomera cyane, kudashira neza, guhindagurika guke no kudashyuha cyane.
Iyo ikoreshejwe mu gushyiramo imashini zifunga, karubide ya silikoni ituma imikorere yayo irushaho kuba myiza, ikongera igihe cyo kuyifunga, igabanuka ry’ikiguzi cyo kuyibungabunga, ndetse igabanuka ry’ikiguzi cyo kuyikoresha ku bikoresho bizenguruka nka turbine, compressors, na pompe za centrifugal. Karubide ya silikoni ishobora kugira imiterere itandukanye bitewe n’uburyo yakozwe. Karubide ya silikoni ihuza uburyo bwo kuyikoresha ikorwa binyuze mu guhuza uduce twa karubide ya silikoni mu buryo bwo kuyikoresha.
Iyi gahunda ntabwo igira ingaruka zikomeye ku miterere myinshi y’umubiri n’ubushyuhe bw’ibikoresho, ariko igabanya ubushobozi bwo kudakora neza kw’ibinyabutabire. Ibinyabutabire bikunze kuba ikibazo ni ibitera ubushyuhe (n’ibindi binyabutabire bifite pH nyinshi) na aside ikomeye, bityo rero, silicon carbide ifite reaction-bonded ntigomba gukoreshwa muri ubu buryo.
Impumuro yashyizwemo mu buryo bw'ingufukarubide ya silikoni. Muri ibyo bikoresho, imyenge y'ibikoresho bya SIC by'umwimerere yuzura mu gihe cyo kwinjira binyuze mu gutwika silikoni y'icyuma, bityo SiC ya kabiri igaragara kandi ibikoresho bigira imiterere idasanzwe ya mekanike, bigatuma bidashira. Bitewe no kugabanuka guke kwayo, ishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora ibice binini kandi bigoye kandi bihangana neza. Ariko, ingano ya silikoni igabanya ubushyuhe ntarengwa bwo gukora kuri 1.350 °C, ubudahangarwa bw'imiti nabwo bugarukira kuri pH 10. Ibikoresho ntibyemewe gukoreshwa mu duce twa alkaline.
SinteredKarubide ya silikoni iboneka binyuze mu gusya granulate ya SIC yashyizweho mbere ku bushyuhe bwa 2000 °C kugira ngo habeho imikoranire ikomeye hagati y'ibinyampeke by'ibikoresho.
Ubwa mbere, agace k'urukiramende karakomera, hanyuma imyenge igabanuka, amaherezo imigozi iri hagati y'ibinyampeke iragabanuka. Mu gihe cyo gutunganya ubwo buryo, umusaruro ugabanuka cyane - hafi 20%.
Impeta y'ikimenyetso cya SSIC irwanya imiti yose. Kubera ko nta silikoni y'icyuma iboneka mu miterere yayo, ishobora gukoreshwa ku bushyuhe bugera kuri 1600C nta ngaruka ku mbaraga zayo
| imitungo | R-SiC | S-SiC |
| Ubwinshi bw'imirongo (%) | ≤0.3 | ≤0.2 |
| Ubucucike (g/cm3) | 3.05 | 3.1~3.15 |
| Ubukomere | 110~125 (HS) | 2800 (kg/mm2) |
| Modulus irashya (Gpa) | ≥400 | ≥410 |
| Ibikubiye muri SiC (%) | ≥85% | ≥99% |
| Ibikubiye muri Si (%) | ≤15% | 0.10% |
| Imbaraga zo Kugonda (Mpa) | ≥350 | 450 |
| Ingufu zo Gukanda (kg/mm2) | ≥2200 | 3900 |
| Ingano y'ubushyuhe (1/℃) | 4.5×10-6 | 4.3×10-6 |
| Ubudahangarwa bw'ubushyuhe (mu kirere) (℃) | 1300 | 1600 |
Ikimenyetso cya TC cya tekiniki
Ibikoresho bya TC bifite imiterere yo gukomera cyane, gukomera, kudashwanyagurika no kudashwanyagurika. Bizwi ku izina rya "Inganda z'Amaryinyo". Bitewe n'imikorere yayo myiza, yakoreshejwe cyane mu nganda za gisirikare, mu kirere, mu gutunganya imashini, mu byuma, mu gucukura peteroli, mu itumanaho ry'ikoranabuhanga, mu bwubatsi n'ahandi. Urugero, mu mapompo, mu byuma bikonjesha no mu byuma bitera ubwoba, impeta ya karuboni ya Tungsten ikoreshwa nk'imashini zifunga. Kudashwanyagurika neza no kudashwanyagurika bituma ikoreshwa mu gukora ibice bidashobora kwangirika bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi, gushwanyagurika no kwangirika.
Dukurikije imiterere yayo ya shimi n'imiterere yayo, TC ishobora kugabanywamo ibice bine: tungsten cobalt (YG), tungsten-titanium (YT), tungsten titanium tantalum (YW), na titanium carbide (YN).
Ifu ikomeye ya Tungsten cobalt (YG) igizwe na WC na Co. Ikwiriye gutunganywa mu bikoresho byoroshye nko mu byuma bishongeshejwe, ibyuma bidafite feri n'ibikoresho bitari iby'icyuma.
Stellite (YT) igizwe na WC, TiC na Co. Kubera ko TiC yongewemo muri alloy, ubushobozi bwayo bwo kwangirika buriyongera, ariko imbaraga zo guhinda, imikorere yo gusya no gutwara ubushyuhe byaragabanutse. Kubera ko idakomera mu bushyuhe buri hasi, ikwiriye gusa ibikoresho rusange bikata vuba cyane ntabwo ikoreshwa mu gutunganya ibikoresho bicika intege.
Tungsten titanium tantalum (niobium) cobalt (YW) yongerwa muri alloy kugira ngo yongere ubukana, imbaraga n'ubudahangarwa bw'ubushyuhe bwinshi binyuze mu ngano ikwiye ya tantalum carbide cyangwa niobium carbide. Muri icyo gihe, ubukana nabwo burarushaho kwiyongera hamwe n'imikorere myiza yo gukata. Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu bikoresho bikomeye byo gukata no gukata rimwe na rimwe.
Ubwoko bw'ibanze bwa titanium ya karuboni (YN) ni alloy ikomeye ifite phase ikomeye ya TiC, nickel na molybdenum. Ibyiza byayo ni ubukana bwinshi, ubushobozi bwo kurwanya gufatanya, kudashira kw'izuba n'ubushobozi bwo kurwanya oxidation. Ku bushyuhe burenze dogere 1000, iracyashobora gukorwa mu mashini. Ikoreshwa mu kurangiza icyuma cya alloy n'icyuma kizimya umuriro buri gihe.
| icyitegererezo | ibikubiye muri nikeli (wt%) | ubucucike (g/cm²) | ubukana (HRA) | imbaraga zo kunama (≥N/mm²) |
| YN6 | 5.7-6.2 | 14.5-14.9 | 88.5-91.0 | 1800 |
| YN8 | 7.7-8.2 | 14.4-14.8 | 87.5-90.0 | 2000 |
| icyitegererezo | ibikubiye muri kobalti (wt%) | ubucucike (g/cm²) | ubukana (HRA) | imbaraga zo kunama (≥N/mm²) |
| YG6 | 5.8-6.2 | 14.6-15.0 | 89.5-91.0 | 1800 |
| YG8 | 7.8-8.2 | 14.5-14.9 | 88.0-90.5 | 1980 |
| YG12 | 11.7-12.2 | 13.9-14.5 | 87.5-89.5 | 2400 |
| YG15 | 14.6-15.2 | 13.9-14.2 | 87.5-89.0 | 2480 |
| YG20 | 19.6-20.2 | 13.4-13.7 | 85.5-88.0 | 2650 |
| YG25 | 24.5-25.2 | 12.9-13.2 | 84.5-87.5 | 2850 |