Intangiriro
Mwisi nini yo kohereza isi yose, kwizerwa ningirakamaro cyane. Amato atwara ibicuruzwa birenga 80% ku isi ku bwinshi, bigatuma inganda zitwara abantu ziba inkingi y’ubukungu bw’isi. Kuva kumato manini ya kontineri kugeza kuri tanker nto, ubwato bwose bushingira kumikorere itagira inenge yimashini zabo kugirango imikorere ikorwe neza. Kimwe gikunze kwirengagizwa, ariko ni ngombwa rwose, igice cyimashini zubwato ni kashe ya mashini.
Ikirangantegos ni ingenzi cyane mu kwemeza ko kumeneka - haba mu mavuta, amavuta, amazi, cyangwa ibindi bikoresho bishobora guteza akaga - bigabanywa cyangwa bikumirwa rwose. Inganda zitwara abantu zikora mubihe bigoye cyane, hamwe n’amazi yumunyu, sisitemu yumuvuduko mwinshi, hamwe nubushyuhe bwimihindagurikire, bigatuma kashe ya mashini iba ingenzi kumutekano, gukora neza, no kubahiriza ibidukikije byubwato.
Muri iki kiganiro, tuzasuzuma akamaro kashe ya mashini munganda zogutwara ibicuruzwa, uburyo bukoreshwa muburyo butandukanye bwubwato, imbogamizi zogukora mubihe byamazi, hamwe niterambere ryikoranabuhanga ryakozwe mugutezimbere kashe no kwizerwa.
Ikirangantego ni iki?
Ikidodo gikoreshwa nigikoresho gikoreshwa mukurinda kumeneka kwamazi cyangwa gaze hagati yimibiri ibiri yo guhuza ibikoresho mubizunguruka, nka pompe, compressor, na turbine. Cyakora mugukora inzitizi hagati yigitambambuga cyimuka nigice gihagaze cyimashini, mubisanzwe ukoresheje igitutu cyo gufunga intera, ibuza amazi gutoroka. Kashe ya mashini ikoreshwa muri sisitemu aho amazi, amavuta, lisansi, amazi, cyangwa imiti, bigomba kubikwa neza mugihe cyumuvuduko utandukanye.
Mu rwego rwo mu nyanja, kashe ya mashini yashizweho kugirango ihangane n’ingorabahizi ziterwa n’amazi yumunyu, umuvuduko mwinshi, ubushyuhe bukabije, hamwe no gukenera igihe kirekire.
Ni ukubera iki kashe ya mashini ari ingenzi mu nganda zohereza ibicuruzwa?
Ikidodo cya mashini gikora intego nyinshi mubikorwa byo kohereza. Reka dusuzume zimwe mumpamvu zituma kashe ya mashini ari ntangarugero mugukora neza kandi neza mumato:
1. Kwirinda kumeneka kw'amazi
Imwe mumikorere yingenzi ya kashe ya mashini mubikorwa byo kohereza ibicuruzwa ni ukwirinda kumeneka kw'amazi. Amato yishingikiriza kuri sisitemu zitandukanye zirimo kuzenguruka ibintu byangiza, bihindagurika, cyangwa umuvuduko ukabije, harimo lisansi, amavuta, hamwe na coolant. Kumeneka birashobora gutera kunanirwa gukabije, biganisha ku kwangiza ibidukikije, ndetse bigatera ibihe bibi nk’umuriro cyangwa guturika.
Kurugero, kashe kuri sisitemu ya lisansi irinda kumeneka kwamazi ashobora gutwikwa bishobora gutera umuriro cyangwa guturika. Ikidodo muri sisitemu yo gukonjesha kirinda amazi gutemba ashobora gutera ubushyuhe muri moteri nizindi mashini. Ikidodo cya mashini kigira uruhare runini mugukora ibishoboka byose kugirango amazi agumane neza mumashini, birinda izo ngaruka.
2. Kurengera ibidukikije
Kurengera ibidukikije nimwe mu nshingano zingenzi zinganda zo mu nyanja. Ikidodo cy’imashini gifite uruhare runini mu kubahiriza amabwiriza y’ibidukikije, nko gukumira ko ibintu byangiza mu nyanja, bishobora kuviramo amavuta cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo kwanduza.
Kubera ko umwanda wo mu nyanja ari kimwe mu bibazo by’ingutu mu nganda zigezweho zo gutwara abantu, ikoreshwa rya kashe ya mashini ryabaye igice cy’ibikorwa bigamije kugabanya kwangiza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja. Kurugero, pompe ya bilge nibindi bikoresho mubwato bikoresha kashe ya mashini kugirango barebe ko amazi yose ashobora kwangiza arimo kandi ntatemba mumazi.
3. Gukoresha ingufu
Ikidodo cya mashini nacyo kigira uruhare mu gukoresha ingufu za sisitemu yubwato. Niba ikidodo cyananiranye, birashobora gutuma habaho gutakaza amazi yingenzi, nkamavuta yo gusiga cyangwa gukonjesha. Ibi na byo, bishobora kuvamo kongera ingufu zingufu nkuko imashini zikora cyane kugirango zibungabunge imikorere myiza.
Byongeye kandi, kumeneka gukonjesha cyangwa amavuta bishobora kuviramo kunanirwa kwimashini zingenzi, bisaba gusanwa bihenze nibice bisimburwa. Mugukora ibishoboka byose kugirango kashe ikomeze kuba nziza kandi ikora, kashe ya mashini ifasha kugabanya gukoresha ingufu, kugabanya amafaranga yo kubungabunga, no kongera igihe cyibigize ubwato.
4. Umutekano w'abakozi n'abagenzi
Ikidodo c'imashini kigira uruhare rutaziguye mu mutekano w'abakozi b'ubwato n'abagenzi mu gukumira imikorere mibi ishobora kuvamo impanuka, nk'umwuzure, umuriro, cyangwa impanuka ziturika. Kunanirwa kwa kashe, cyane cyane muri sisitemu zikomeye nka tanki ya lisansi, sisitemu yo gukonjesha, hamwe na sisitemu yo gutunganya amazi ya ballast, birashobora gukurura ibihe bibi.
Mugukomeza ubusugire bwa sisitemu zingenzi, kashe yubukanishi yemeza ko ubwato bukora neza, hamwe ningaruka nke kubakozi. Bafasha kandi kugabanya amahirwe yo kuba ibintu byihutirwa, bakemeza ko ubwato bushobora gukomeza urugendo rwarwo neza kandi nta guhungabana gukomeye.
5. Kwirinda ruswa
Amato ahura nibidukikije byangirika cyane kubera guhorana imikoranire ninyanja. Amazi yumunyu, yihutisha kwangirika kwibyuma nibikoresho bitandukanye bikoreshwa mubwubatsi bwubwato n'imashini. Ikidodo cya mashini gifite uruhare runini mukurinda ibikoresho kwangirika kwangiriza amazi yumunyu ahantu horoshye, nkibigega bya lisansi, imashini, na sisitemu yamashanyarazi.
Ibyingenzi Byashyizwe mubikorwa bya kashe ya mashini munganda zohereza
Ikimenyetso cya mashini gikoreshwa muri sisitemu zitandukanye ziri mu bwato, bigatuma imikorere ikora neza no kurinda imyanda, kwanduza, no kwangiza ibidukikije. Hano hari bimwe mubyingenzi byingenzi:
1. Sisitemu ya lisansi
Sisitemu ya lisansi mu bwato isaba ibisubizo byizewe cyane kugirango birinde amavuta. Kubera ko amato atwara lisansi nyinshi - akenshi amavuta aremereye cyangwa mazutu - kashe ya mashini ningirakamaro mukurinda kumeneka bishobora gutera amavuta yangiza cyangwa umuriro ushobora kuba.
• Amapompo: pompe zikoreshwa muri sisitemu ya lisansi zigomba gufungwa kugirango birinde lisansi kumeneka mugihe cyoherejwe kuri moteri cyangwa ahandi bibikwa.
• Ibigega: Ikidodo ku bigega bya peteroli birinda guhunga umwotsi kandi urebe ko lisansi iba ifite umutekano igihe cyose.
• Indangagaciro: Ikidodo cya mashini nacyo gikoreshwa mubibaya bigenga imigendekere ya lisansi mubwato. Ikidodo kigomba kuguma kitameze neza nubwo haba hari umuvuduko mwinshi, bigatuma peteroli ikoreshwa neza igihe cyose.
2. Sisitemu yo gusunika
Sisitemu yo gusunika ubwato nubundi buryo bukomeye aho hakenewe kashe ya mashini. Umuyoboro wa moteri, wohereza ingufu muri moteri ukageza kuri moteri, ugomba gufungwa kugira ngo amazi atinjira mu bwato n'amavuta ava mu nyanja.
• Ikidodo cya Stern Tube: Umuyoboro winyuma uherereye inyuma yubwato, ubamo icyuma cya moteri kandi bisaba kashe yihariye kugirango wirinde ko amazi yinjira mubwato ari nako yemeza ko amavuta yakoreshwaga mu gusiga amavuta akomeza kuba muri sisitemu.
• IcyumaIkirangantego: Ikidodo kizengurutse uruziga rugomba kwihanganira umuvuduko ukabije, kubuza amazi kwinjira, no gukora neza uburyo bwo kugenda bwubwato.
3. Sisitemu yo Gutunganya Amazi ya Ballast
Amazi ya ballast akoreshwa muguhagarika amato mugihe adatwaye imizigo, kandi nibyingenzi mumutekano wubwato muri rusange. Nyamara, sisitemu y'amazi ya ballast nayo itera ikibazo cyibidukikije. Amato agomba kubuza amoko atera gutwarwa mu nyanja, niyo mpamvu amato agezweho asabwa kugira uburyo bwo gutunganya amazi ya ballast.
Kashe ya mashini ikoreshwa muri pompe yamazi ya ballast hamwe na sisitemu yo gutunganya kugirango hirindwe ikintu cyose cyinjira cyangwa amazi ashobora kwanduza ibidukikije byubwato cyangwa bigatera kurenga ku kubahiriza amabwiriza.
4. Sisitemu yo gukonjesha no gukonjesha
Ikidodo cya mashini nacyo gikomeye muri sisitemu yo gukonjesha amato, agumana ubushyuhe bwa moteri, moteri, nizindi mashini. Ikidodo gifite inshingano zo gukumira amazi atinjira mu bice bya moteri cyangwa guhanahana ubushyuhe no kureba ko imashini ziguma ku bushyuhe bwiza mu gihe cyo gukora.
• Amazi ya pompe akonje: Ikidodo gikikije pompe zamazi akonje zibuza amazi yinyanja kwinjira mubice byingenzi bya moteri mugihe byemeza ko ibicurane bitembera neza muri sisitemu.
• Ibice bikonjesha: Mu bwato butwara imizigo yangirika, kashe ya mashini yemeza ko firigo zikoreshwa muri sisitemu ya firigo zidasohoka, zikomeza ubushyuhe bukwiye kandi zikumira igihombo cyibicuruzwa.
5. Sisitemu ya Bilge
Bilge nigice cyo hasi cyubwato aho amazi akusanyiriza. Pompe ya bilge ishinzwe gukuraho amazi arenze yinjira mubwato kubera amazi yinyanja, imvura, cyangwa ubukonje. Ikidodo gikoreshwa muri pompe ya bilge cyemeza ko amazi yajugunywe hejuru yumutekano nta kumeneka cyangwa kwangiza imiterere yubwato.
6. Ikidodo c'amazi meza
Amazi menshi-yamazi agenewe gukumira ikwirakwizwa ryamazi mugihe habaye icyuho. Ikidodo gikoreshwa mumashini n'inzugi byemeza ko amazi yinyanja adashobora kwinjira mubice bikomeye byubwato. Izi kashe ni ingenzi cyane ku mutekano w’abakozi n’ubunyangamugayo bw’ubwato, cyane cyane mu bihe byihutirwa nk’umwuzure.
7. Sisitemu ya Hydraulic
Amato menshi akoresha sisitemu ya hydraulic kugirango akoreshe ibikoresho nka crane, winches, hamwe nuburyo bwo kuyobora. Sisitemu ya hydraulic yishingikiriza kashe kugirango irinde kumeneka kwamazi, kwemeza ko sisitemu ikora neza kandi neza. Ikidodo cya mashini ningirakamaro muri pompe ya hydraulic na valve kugirango habeho imikorere myiza yizi sisitemu.
Inzitizi zo gukoresha kashe ya mashini mu nganda zo mu nyanja
Ikidodo cya mashini gihura ningorane nyinshi mubidukikije byo mu nyanja, bishobora kugira ingaruka no mubuzima bwabo. Izi mbogamizi zirimo:
1. Ruswa
Amazi yumunyu arashobora kwangirika cyane kandi arashobora kwangiza vuba ibikoresho bikoreshwa mukidodo niba bidakozwe mubikoresho byiza. Guhitamo kashe ikozwe mubikoresho bidashobora kwangirika nk'icyuma kitagira umwanda, ceramic, cyangwa polymers yateye imbere ni ngombwa mu kwongerera igihe kashe.
2. Umuvuduko ukabije nubushyuhe butandukanye
Ibidukikije bifite umuvuduko mwinshi ku mato - haba muri sisitemu yo kugenda, ibigega bya lisansi, cyangwa imiterere y’inyanja-birashobora gushira impungenge zikomeye kuri kashe ya mashini. Byongeye kandi, ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-07-2025