Uruhare rwa kashe ya mashini mu nganda za peteroli na peteroli

Intangiriro

Kashe ya mashini igira uruhare runini mu nganda za peteroli na peteroli, aho usanga ibihe bibi, ubushyuhe bwinshi, n’imiti ikaze bikunze kugaragara. Izi nganda zishingiye cyane cyane ku mikorere ya kashe ya mashini kugirango igumane ubusugire bwa sisitemu zitandukanye, zirimo pompe, imvange, compressor, na reaction. Ikidodo kidakora neza cyangwa cyateguwe nabi kirashobora gutuma amazi atemba, kwanduza ibidukikije, kwiyongera kumasaha, no gusana bihenze.

Iyi ngingo irasobanura uburyo bukoreshwa bwa kashe ya mashini mu nganda za peteroli na peteroli, yerekana akamaro kayo, ibintu bigira uruhare mu guhitamo kashe, hamwe nudushya dutera imbere mu ikoranabuhanga rya kashe.

Ikirangantego ni iki?

Ikidodo cyumukanishi nigikoresho gikoreshwa mukurinda kumeneka ibikoresho bizunguruka, nka pompe na compressor, mugihe gikomeza kashe ifatanye hagati yigitereko nibice bihagaze. Ikidodo cya mashini cyateguwe kugirango gikemure ibintu bigenda neza, aho uruziga ruzunguruka rutera ubwumvikane buke mu maso. Igikorwa cyibanze cya kashe ya mashini nugutanga inzitizi yo gukumira ihunga ryamazi cyangwa gaze, bityo bikarinda umutekano nibikorwa neza.

Kashe ya mashini ikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho bitandukanye kugirango ikemure amazi meza kandi yanduye, harimo ibikoresho byangiza nka acide, alkalis, nibicuruzwa bya peteroli. Urebye uruhare runini bafite mu kurinda umutekano w’ibikorwa no kurengera ibidukikije, guhitamo kashe ya mashini bisaba gutekereza cyane ku bintu byinshi.

Akamaro ka kashe ya mashini mu nganda za peteroli na peteroli

Inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli na peteroli zirangwa nuburyo bugoye burimo gukora imiti itandukanye ikaze, ibintu byaka umuriro, hamwe nibikorwa bikabije. Zimwe mu mbogamizi zisanzwe zirimo:

• Ibidukikije byangiza kandi byangiza:Imiti nka acide, alkalis, na chlorine ikunze kugaragara muri izi nganda, zishobora kwangirika no gushira kashe vuba.

• Umuvuduko ukabije nubushyuhe bwo hejuru:Ibikoresho akenshi bikora munsi yumuvuduko ukabije nubushyuhe, bisaba kashe ishobora kwihanganira imihangayiko ikomeye nubushyuhe.

• Ingaruka zo kwanduza ibidukikije:Ibikorwa byinshi bya peteroli bikubiyemo ibikoresho bishobora guteza akaga, biramutse bisohotse, bishobora kwangiza ibidukikije cyane cyangwa byangiza umutekano.

Ikidodo cya mashini kigabanya izo ngaruka mugutanga igisubizo cyizewe cyo gukumira kidashobora kumeneka, cyemeza imikorere ya sisitemu, kandi kirengera ibidukikije nubuzima bwabantu.

Gushyira mu bikorwa kashe ya mashini mu nganda za peteroli na peteroli

1. Amapompo na compressor

Pompe na compressor nibice bisanzwe byibikoresho bisaba kashe ya mashini munganda za peteroli. Izi mashini zikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa nko gutwara peteroli, gaze gasanzwe, hamwe nibiryo bya chimique.

• Amapompe: Muri sisitemu ya pompe, kashe ya mashini ikoreshwa mukurinda kumeneka kwamazi, nkamavuta cyangwa gaze, hafi yikizunguruka. Ikidodo ni ingenzi cyane mu gukumira ihunga ry’amazi yangiza, kurinda umutekano w’ibidukikije n’abakora. Haba guhangana na peteroli, ibikomoka kuri peteroli inoze, cyangwa imiti, kashe ya mashini ikomeza umuvuduko ukwiye wa sisitemu.

• Compressors: Kashe ya mashini ningirakamaro muri compressor ikora compression ya gazi mubikorwa bitandukanye, harimo kubyara gaze gasanzwe no gutunganya peteroli. Ikidodo kirinda kumeneka gaze yangiritse hamwe nandi mavuta yo kwisiga akoreshwa mugikorwa cyo kwikuramo. Muri compressor, kunanirwa kw'ikidodo birashobora gutuma gazi itemba, hamwe ningaruka zikomeye z’ibidukikije n’umutekano.

2. Sisitemu yo kuvanga no guhagarika umutima

Mubikorwa byinshi bya peteroli, kuvanga no gutereta birakenewe kugirango bivange neza imiti, lisansi, cyangwa umusemburo. Ikidodo gikoreshwa mubukangurambaga no kuvanga kugirango ibintu bitasohoka, cyane cyane iyo imiti itunganywa ari uburozi cyangwa ihindagurika.

Kurugero, mugukora ibicanwa nibikoresho bya sintetike, kashe ya mashini ikomeza umuvuduko kandi ikarinda kumeneka kuvanga umuvuduko mwinshi. Ikidodo cyemeza ko ubusugire bwa sisitemu bugumaho kandi ko nta byuka byangiza cyangwa biturika byemewe guhunga.

3. Imashini hamwe na Inkingi

Inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli na peteroli zishingiye cyane kuri reaktor hamwe ninkingi zo gusya kugirango zivemo imiti itandukanye, kuva gutunganya amavuta ya peteroli kugeza kubyara imiti yubukorikori hamwe na plastiki. Ikidodo c'imashini gikoreshwa mumashanyarazi kugirango wirinde kumeneka ibintu bya chimique, bikomeza umuvuduko ukenewe kugirango reaction nziza.

Mu nkingi za distillation, kashe ya mashini irinda kumeneka muri sisitemu mugihe imiti ihindagurika irimo. Uburyo bwo gusibanganya akenshi bukora ku bushyuhe bwinshi n’umuvuduko, bityo kashe igomba gutegurwa neza kugirango ihangane nibi bihe kandi ikumire kunanirwa bishobora guteza impanuka zikomeye cyangwa igihombo cyamafaranga.

4. Ubushyuhe

Guhindura ubushyuhe bigira uruhare runini mugukwirakwiza ubushyuhe hagati yamazi atandukanye mubikorwa bya peteroli. Ikidodo gikoreshwa muri sisitemu kugirango hirindwe kumeneka ibintu bishobora guteza akaga. Mu guhanahana ubushyuhe, kashe irakenewe kugirango amazi atembane nta kwanduza cyangwa gutemba hagati yumuyoboro uhindura ubushyuhe n’ibidukikije.

Guhindura ubushyuhe akenshi bitwara ibintu byangirika kandi bifite ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, bigatuma guhitamo kashe ya mashini ikora cyane. Niba kashe idatsinzwe muri sisitemu, irashobora kuvamo imiti iteje akaga cyangwa izamuka ry'ubushyuhe butagenzuwe, byombi bikaba byaviramo ingaruka zikomeye zamafaranga n’umutekano.

5. Amashanyarazi ya peteroli na gazi

Amashanyarazi ya peteroli yo hanze hamwe na gazi ikunze guhura nibihe bikabije, harimo ibidukikije byumuvuduko mwinshi, amazi yinyanja yangirika, nubushyuhe bwimihindagurikire. Ikidodo cya mashini ningirakamaro muri ibi bidukikije kugirango wirinde gutemba kwa pompe, compressor, na turbine. Kurugero, kashe muri pompe ya centrifugal cyangwa ibindi bikoresho bikomeye bigomba kuba birwanya ruswa kandi birashobora guhangana nubuzima bubi bwo hanze.

Ikidodo kiri kumurongo wo hanze kigomba kuba gifite imbaraga zihagije kugirango zihangane guhindagurika no guhora kwa platifomu mugihe gikomeza imikorere yikimenyetso cyumuvuduko nubushyuhe. Kunanirwa kashe ya mashini muriyi miterere bishobora gutera amavuta ahenze, kwangiza ibidukikije, no gutakaza ubuzima.

Ibintu ugomba gusuzuma muguhitamo kashe yinganda za peteroli na peteroli

Guhitamo ikidodo gikwiye ni ingenzi mu kubungabunga imikorere, umutekano, no kwizerwa igihe kirekire mu nganda za peteroli na peteroli. Ibintu byinshi bigira ingaruka ku guhitamo kashe:

1. Ubwoko bwamazi yakoreshejwe

Ubwoko bwamazi atunganywa nikimwe mubitekerezo byingenzi muguhitamo kashe ya mashini. Amazi atandukanye afite imiti itandukanye, ishobora gusaba kashe yihariye ishobora kurwanya ruswa.

• Amazi Yangirika: Mugukoresha imiti yangirika, kashe ikozwe mubikoresho nka karubone, ceramic, na tungsten karbide.

• Viscosity: Ubukonje bwamazi nabwo bugira ingaruka kumiterere ya kashe. Amazi menshi cyane arashobora gusaba kashe ifite ibikoresho byo mumaso byihariye kugirango wirinde guterana amagambo.

• Amazi Yuburozi cyangwa Ibinyabuzima: Mugukoresha amazi yangiza cyangwa yaka umuriro, kashe igomba kuba yarakozwe kugirango hagabanuke ibyago byo kumeneka. Ikidodo kibiri cyangwa kashe ya karitsiye ikoreshwa kenshi kugirango ibintu bisohoka muri ibi bihe.

2. Gukoresha Ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko

Ikidodo cya mashini kigomba guhitamo hashingiwe kumikorere, harimo ubushyuhe nigitutu. Ibikorwa byinshi bya peteroli ikora mubushyuhe bwinshi hamwe nigitutu, ibyo bikaba bishobora gutera kwangirika kashe niba ibikoresho nigishushanyo bidakwiriye mubihe nkibi.

• Kurwanya Ubushyuhe: Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mukidodo bigomba kuba bishobora guhangana nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bukora bidahindutse cyangwa gutakaza ubushobozi bwo gufunga.

• Kurwanya igitutu: Ikidodo gikeneye guhangana ningutu ziterwa no kuvoma neza cyangwa ibikorwa byumuvuduko mwinshi wa reaction na compressor.

3. Guhuza Ibikoresho

Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mubidodo byubukanishi bigomba kuba bihuye nibitemba nibikorwa. Guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye kumaso yikimenyetso, amasoko, hamwe na kashe ya kabiri nibyingenzi kugirango habeho kuramba no gukora kashe.

• Ibikoresho by'ibyuma: Ibikoresho bisanzwe bya kashe ya mashini harimo ibyuma bitagira umwanda, ibivanze, nibikoresho bidasanzwe nka Hastelloy na Inconel, birwanya ruswa nubushyuhe bukabije.

• Ibikoresho bitari ibyuma: Elastomers, ceramics, na karubone bikoreshwa kenshi mubidodo bya mashini kugirango bikemure amazi atandukanye.

4. Ikirango Ubwoko na Iboneza

Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwa kashe ya mashini, buri kimwe gikwiranye na progaramu zitandukanye. Ubwoko bukunze kuboneka harimo:

• Ikidodo kimwe: Nibyiza byo guhangana nubushyuhe buringaniye nubushyuhe, kashe imwe ikoreshwa kenshi muri sisitemu yumuvuduko muke.

• Kashe ebyiri: Byakoreshejwe mubisabwa aho ibyago byo kumeneka ari byinshi cyane, kashe ebyiri zigizwe nibice bibiri byo mumaso bikora hamwe kugirango birinde amazi neza. Kashe ebyiri zifite akamaro kanini mugukoresha imiti yangiza, ihindagurika, cyangwa uburozi.

Udushya muri tekinoroji ya mashini

Mu myaka yashize, tekinoroji ya kashe ya tekinike yagiye ihinduka cyane, hamwe niterambere ryibikoresho, ibishushanyo, nubuhanga bwo gukora. Bimwe mubyingenzi bishya birimo:

• Ibikoresho bya Carbone: Iterambere ryibikoresho bya karubone bigezweho bya kashe ya mashini byongereye imikorere mugukoresha imiti ikaze nubushyuhe bwinshi.

• Ikidodo hamwe na Sensor Yuzuye: Ikidodo kigezweho akenshi kiza gifite ibyuma bifata ibyuma bikurikirana imikorere yikimenyetso, bikamenyesha abakoresha kubibazo nko kumeneka, kwambara, cyangwa ihindagurika ryubushyuhe mbere yuko biba ibiza.

• Elastomers-Ibikorwa Byinshi: Udushya mu ikoranabuhanga rya elastomer ryatumye kashe irwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, imiti, hamwe n’umuvuduko.

Ibi bishya bituma kashe yubukanishi irushaho kwizerwa no gukora neza, ari nako bizamura umutekano muri rusange n’imikorere y’ibikorwa bya peteroli na peteroli.

Umwanzuro

Ikidodo cya mashini ni ingenzi mu nganda zikomoka kuri peteroli na peteroli, aho zigira uruhare runini mu gutuma ibikoresho bikoreshwa neza, bikora neza, kandi byangiza ibidukikije. Mu gukumira ibimeneka, kurinda umwanda, no gukomeza ubusugire bwa sisitemu mu bihe bikabije, ibyo bimenyetso ni ngombwa kugira ngo ibikorwa bigezweho bigerweho. Mugihe ikoranabuhanga rikomeje gutera imbere, nta gushidikanya ko kashe ya mashini izarushaho gutera imbere, bigatuma umutekano wizewe n’umutekano ku nganda zikora ibintu bikomeye kandi akenshi bishobora guteza akaga.