Ifuru za mekanike zigira uruhare runini mu mikorere no mu gihe kirekire cy'ibikoresho bizenguruka, zikaba nk'inkingi ikomeye yo gushyiramo amazi mu buryo aho umuyoboro uzenguruka unyura mu nzu ihagaze. Kubera ko zizwiho ubushobozi bwo gukumira amazi ava, ifuru za mekanike ni igice cy'ingenzi cy'ikoreshwa ry'inganda zitandukanye kuva ku ipompo kugeza ku byuma bivanga. Ishyirwa mu byiciro ryazo ririmo ibintu byinshi bitandukanye, bishingiye ku bipimo byinshi birimo imiterere y'igishushanyo, ibikoresho bikoreshwa, n'imiterere y'imikorere, ni ukuvuga bike gusa. Iyi nkuru irasuzuma uburyo ifuru za mekanike zishyirwa mu byiciro, itanga itandukaniro rigaragara hagati y'ubwoko buhari kandi ikanagaragaza uburyo buri kimwe gikwiriye imirimo yihariye. Ku bahanga mu by'inganda n'abahanga mu nganda bashaka gusobanukirwa neza ibi bice cyangwa abahitamo ifuru ijyanye n'ibyo bakeneye, ubushakashatsi kuri uru rwego buzaba ingenzi cyane. Sobanura isi y'ifuru za mekanike hamwe natwe mu gihe tugenda duca mu byiciro bitandukanye byazo n'ingaruka buri kimwe gifite ku bikorwa by'inganda.
Gushyira mu byiciro hakurikijwe imiterere y'igishushanyo
Ibyuma by'ubukanishi byo mu bwoko bwa Pusher
Ifuru za mekanike ni ingenzi mu bikoresho bitandukanye by’inganda, zirinda ko amazi asohoka. Icyiciro cy’ingenzi muri izi furu ni ifuru za mekanike zo mu bwoko bwa pusher. Izi furu zirangwa n’ubushobozi bwazo bwo kugumana isura y’ifuru binyuze mu kintu gifunga cya kabiri, akenshi ari impeta ya O cyangwa impeta ya V. Igitandukanya ifuru za mekanike zo mu bwoko bwa pusher n’izindi ni uko zihinduka; zigabanya kwangirika no kugorana mu gihe cyo gukora binyuze mu 'gusunika' ifuru ya kabiri ku giti cyangwa ku gipfukisho kugira ngo zigumane ubuziranenge bwo gufunga.
Kimwe mu byiza byabo ni ubushobozi bwo guhindura uko bambara mu maso ndetse n'impinduka mu gitutu cy'icyumba gifunga nta gutakaza imikorere. Uku guhinduranya bituma biba byiza gukoreshwa aho impinduka nk'izo zikunze kubaho, bigatuma igihe cyo gukoresha ibikoresho kirushaho kuba cyiza kandi bikagira icyizere.
Ariko, ikibazo nyamukuru ni uko mu gihe cy’umuvuduko mwinshi, hari ibyago by’uko agapfunyika ka kabiri gashobora gusohorwa mu cyuho kiri hagati y’umugozi n’ibice by’ibikoresho by’aho ipompo ikorera mu gihe bitakozwe neza cyangwa ngo bishyigikiwe neza.
Bityo rero, imashini zipfunyika zo mu bwoko bwa Pusher zitanga uburinganire hagati yo kwihuza no kuramba mu bikorwa biri ku rugero ruciriritse ariko zigomba kwitabwaho cyane mu bihe by’umuvuduko mwinshi kugira ngo zikomeze gukora neza kandi zigire umutekano.
Ibyuma by'ubukanishi bidakoresha uburyo bwo gukurura
Ibyuma bifunga by’ubwoko bwa "Non-pusher" ni ubwoko butandukanye bw’ibisubizo byo gufunga bikora bidakoresheje ibikoresho bifunga by’inyuma bigenda ku ruhande rw’umugozi cyangwa agakoresho kugira ngo bikomeze gukorana ku maso. Ibi byuma bifunga byakozwe kugira ngo bibe bigabanya kwangirika no kugorana bitewe n’imiterere yabyo, akenshi biba birimo ibice nk’imivure cyangwa izindi nyubako zoroshye.
Mu byuma bidapfunyika, ubuziranenge bw'ibifunga bugumana ubunararibonye bw'icyuma gipfunyika aho kuba uburyo bwo hanze busunika impande z'ibifunga. Ubu buryo butuma bibasha kwakira neza imikino yo kurangiza no gusohora nta kwimura imizigo myinshi ku mpande z'ibifunga, bigatuma bipfunyika neza kandi byizewe mu bihe bitandukanye by'imikorere.
Ubwo bwoko bw'udupfundikizo ni ingirakamaro cyane cyane mu bihe aho kugabanya gushwanyagurika no kwangirika ari ingenzi cyane kuko nta ring ihinduka itera gucika cyangwa kwangirika ku gice cy'icyuma cyangwa agapfundikizo. Binatanga inyungu zikomeye mu kwirinda kwanduzanya kuko bidafata imyanda byoroshye hagati y'ibice byimuka, ibi bikaba ari ingenzi cyane mu nganda aho isuku ari ingenzi.
Kuba nta buryo bwo gusunika butuma uru rwego rw'udupfunyika tw'imashini ruhinduka amahitamo meza yo gukoresha mu buryo bwihuse cyane ndetse n'ayo gukoresha amazi yangiza cyangwa ashyushye cyane ashobora kwangiza impeta zisanzwe cyangwa ibice bya wedge. Kuba imiterere y'udupfunyika tw'imashini tudasukura biba ngombwa mu nganda nyinshi zigezweho.
Ibirango biringaniye
Mu rwego rw'udupfundikizo twa mekanike, udupfundikizo turinganiye tugaragara cyane kubera ubushobozi bwatwo bwo gukwirakwiza imbaraga za hydraulic ku buryo bungana ku mpande z'udupfundikizo. Bitandukanye n'udupfundikizo tutaringaniye, dukunda kugira ibibazo byo kwiyongera ku maso bityo tukaba dushobora guhangana n'impinduka nkeya z'umuvuduko, udupfundikizo twa mekanike turinganiye twakozwe mu buryo bwihariye kugira ngo ducunge neza umuvuduko mwinshi. Ibi bigerwaho binyuze mu guhindura imiterere cyangwa imiterere y'udupfundikizo ku buryo bidufasha kuringaniza umuvuduko ku mpande zombi z'aho dupfundikiye.
Ubu buryo bugabanya imihindagurikire y’ubushyuhe bw’isura zifunga, bityo bikongera igihe cyazo cyo kubaho binyuze mu kugabanya ubushyuhe bwinshi n’ingufu zisanzwe. Binatuma habaho urwego rwagutse rw’imikorere ku bushyuhe n’umuvuduko w’amazi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, izifunga zipima neza ubusanzwe zizewe kandi zishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo busaba imbaraga nyinshi. Zitoranywa hashingiwe ku buhanga bwazo mu kwakira ingendo zikomeye z’imirongo n’imirongo mu bikoresho bya pompe mu gihe zigumana imikorere myiza yo kuzifunga.
Mu gihe cyo kuganira kuri iyi ngingo, biragaragara ko guhitamo hagati y’ubwoko buringaniye n’ubutaringaniye bishingiye ahanini ku buryo bwo gukoresha ibintu bitandukanye harimo n’ibipimo by’umuvuduko, imiterere y’amazi, n’ibipimo bya tekiniki. Ibyuma bipima neza bikora akazi keza mu bihe bikomeye aho kuba inyangamugayo mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe n’umuvuduko mwinshi atari ngombwa gusa ahubwo ni ingenzi kugira ngo imikorere igende neza.
Ibimenyetso bidahuje
Ibyuma bidafite uburinganire ni imiterere y'ibanze aho ibyuma bishyirwa ku gitutu cyuzuye cy'ipompo cyangwa igikoresho birinda. Ibi biyuma bikorera mu gutuma isura imwe, muri rusange ifatanye n'umugozi uzenguruka, ikandagira ku buso buhagaze hamwe n'uburyo bwo gusohora ingufu bukoresha imbaraga kugira ngo ikomeze gukorana. Igitutu kiri muri sisitemu gikora kuri iyi mbaraga ariko gishobora no kugira ingaruka mbi iyo kirenze imipaka runaka; igitutu gikabije gishobora gutera kwangirika cyangwa kwangirika gukabije ku buso bw'ibiyuma.
Ikintu cy’ingenzi kiranga agapfunyika kadahuje ni uko imbaraga zo gufunga ziyongera ugereranije n’umuvuduko w’amazi. Nubwo gakora neza mu gukoresha umuvuduko muto, agapfunyika kadahuje imiterere gafite imbogamizi zigaragara - iyo gakorera mu bihe by’umuvuduko mwinshi, gashobora guhura n’ibibazo byo kwizera bitewe no kwiyongera kw’amazi no kugabanuka k’igihe cyo gukora ugereranije n’ibindi bishushanyo.
Uburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha imashini zidakora neza bukunze kuboneka ahantu hari igitutu kiringaniye kandi kidahindagurika cyane. Bitewe n'imiterere yazo yoroshye kandi zihendutse, zikomeje gukoreshwa mu nganda zitandukanye kubera ibyo zikenera buri munsi mu gufunga imashini. Mu gihe hagenwa imashini zidakora neza, hagomba kwitabwaho cyane imiterere y'imikorere nk'igitutu, ubushyuhe, n'imiterere y'amazi afunze kugira ngo hamenyekane imikorere myiza n'igihe kirekire.
Gushyira mu byiciro hakurikijwe igenamigambi n'imiterere
Ibyuma by'ubukanishi by'imashini imwe (ikora)
Mu rwego rwo gufunga ibikoresho by'inganda,ikimenyetso kimwe cya mekanikeIfite imiterere y'ingenzi igamije gukumira amazi ava mu bikoresho bizenguruka nka pompe na mixers. Ubu bwoko bw'ikimenyetso bukunze kwitwa 'single acting' cyangwa 'single' mechanical seal, bitewe n'imiterere yacyo ifite isura imwe ivanze.
Ikintu cy’ingenzi kiranga imitako imwe ya mekanike ni uko ifite isura imwe idahindagurika n’indi izenguruka. Iyi miterere ihuzwa hamwe n’amasoko — yaba isoko imwe cyangwa mato menshi — kandi ikora ihuriro nyamukuru ry’imitako ribuza amazi gusohoka mu gace k’umuyoboro w’ipompo.
Ifuru imwe ikoreshwa cyane mu bikorwa aho amazi yo mu nzira adakabije cyangwa ngo agire ingaruka mbi. Ikora neza mu bihe byoroshye kandi itanga uburyo buhendutse bwo gufunga, ikerekana ko ari ingirakamaro ariko nta kibazo cyo kuyisana gihari.
Guhitamo ibikoresho byo ku maso yombi ni ingenzi kugira ngo bihuze n'ibikoresho biri gukoreshwa, birambe kandi bigire akamaro. Ibikoresho bisanzwe birimo karuboni, keramike, karuboni ya silikoni, na karuboni ya tungsten, n'ibindi. Ibice bya kabiri byo gufunga ubusanzwe bikoresha elastomer nka NBR, EPDM, Viton®, cyangwa PTFE bikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye kugira ngo bihuze n'imiterere itandukanye ya serivisi.
Byongeye kandi, uru rwego rw'udupfunyika rutanga uburyo bworoshye bwo gushyiraho. Bitewe n'uko imiterere yatwo yoroshye ugereranyije n'uburyo bugoye bwo gupfunyika udupfunyika twinshi, udupfunyika twinshi dukenera umwanya muto mu nzu y'ibikoresho; ubu buryo bworoshye bushobora kugira akamaro mu kongera gushyira ibikoresho bishaje cyangwa ahantu hadafite aho bihurira n'ahantu.
Ariko, kubera ko ifuru imwe itanga uruzitiro rumwe gusa hagati y’amazi akoreshwa mu gutunganya ibintu n’ikirere nta buryo bwo gufunga buriho, zishobora kuba zidakwiye gukoreshwa mu bintu bishobora guteza akaga gakomeye birimo amazi y’uburozi cyangwa akoreshwa cyane aho ingamba z’umutekano ziba ari ngombwa.
Biracyagaragara mu nganda nyinshi bitewe n’uburyo ibiciro byazo bikoreshwa neza kandi bikwiranye n’imikorere ikwiye mu bikorwa bitandukanye; imashini zifunga zikora kimwe (zikora) zigaragaza igisubizo cy’ibanze mu buryo bwinshi bwo gukora. Hamwe n’uburyo bwo guhitamo neza bujyanye n’imiterere yihariye n’uburyo bwo kubungabunga bukurikizwa buri gihe - ubu buryo bwo gufunga bushobora gutanga imikorere yizewe mu gihe bugabanya ibyago bijyana no kuva amazi mu mazi.
Ibyuma bibiri by'ubukanishi (bikora)
Ibyuma bibiri (by'imikorere) by'imashini, byitwa kandi ibyuma bibiri cyangwa bitatu, byagenewe guhangana n'ikoreshwa rikomeye ryo gufunga aho ibyuma bimwe bidahagije. Bitanga urwego rw'inyongera rw'umutekano ku mazi kandi bikunze gukoreshwa mu bikorwa birimo amazi ateza akaga, uburozi, cyangwa ahenze aho kubikwa ari ingenzi cyane.
Izi pfundo zigizwe n'impande ebyiri z'ipfundo zishyizwe inyuma ku yindi cyangwa mu buryo bw'isura ku yindi, bitewe n'imikorere yazo n'ibisabwa mu gishushanyo. Umwanya uri hagati y'impande zombi z'ipfundo ubusanzwe ushyirwamo amavuta kandi ukagenzurwa n'amazi akoreshwa mu gufunga cyangwa sisitemu y'amazi akingira. Aya mazi ashobora gushyirwamo umwuka cyangwa nta gahato bitewe n'ibikenewe gukoreshwa kandi agakora nk'amavuta yo kwisiga ariko akanakora nk'urundi rwego rwo gukumira amazi ava.
Akamaro k'udupfundikizo tubiri tw'imashini ni ubushobozi bwatwo bwo gukumira ko amazi asohoka mu bidukikije. Mu gihe agapfundikizo k'ibanze kananiwe, agapfundikizo k'inyongera karafata umwanya wo kubika kugeza igihe imirimo yo kugatunganya ishobotse. Byongeye kandi, utu dupfundikizo dushobora gukora mu buryo bukabije kandi ntitwibasirwa cyane n'imitingito n'ihindagurika ry'imirongo ugereranije n'udupfundikizo kamwe.
Ifuru ebyiri zikoreshwa mu byuma binini zikenera uburyo bugoye bwo kugenzura ibidukikije hagati y’ifuru ebyiri, nk'ikigega, ipompo, imashini ihindura ubushyuhe, ndetse akenshi n'icyuma gipima aho amazi anyura iyo hakoreshejwe amazi anyura mu byuma binini. Imiterere yazo ibafasha gucunga ibintu bifite impungenge z'umutekano mwinshi ariko isaba gusobanukirwa neza uburyo bwo kuyishyiraho n'uburyo bwo kuyisana. Nubwo bimeze gutyo, kuba ifuru ebyiri zikoreshwa mu byuma binini mu bihe bikomeye bituma ziba ingenzi cyane mu nganda nyinshi nko gutunganya imiti, gukora peteroli na gaze, ndetse no gukora imiti.
Gushyira mu byiciro hakurikijwe ubwoko bw'imashini
Ibyuma by'urukiramende bya Rubber Diaphragm
Ifuru za diaphragm za rubber zigaragaza icyiciro gitandukanye mu gushyira mu byiciro ifuru za mekanike hakurikijwe ubwoko bw'imashini zagenewe. Izi furu zikoreshwa cyane cyane aho umuvuduko n'ubushyuhe biri hasi, bigatuma ziba nziza cyane mu kuzifunga muri rusange no mu buryo budakoresha imbaraga nyinshi.
Ikintu cy'ingenzi kiranga itandukaniro hagati y’udupfundikizo twa rubber na twandi moko ni uko dukoresha diaphragm ikora nk'iy'urukiramende - akenshi ikorwa mu bikoresho bimeze nk'urukiramende cyangwa rubber - ituma habaho ubworoherane kandi igakemura itandukaniro nko kutagira aho bihurira hagati y'isura cyangwa kwangirika. Iyi diaphragm ikora ifatanye n'igice kizenguruka cy'aho ihurira kandi ikagenda mu buryo bw'uruhande kugira ngo ikomeze gukorana n'isura ihagaze igakora agapfundikizo gakomeye idakoresheje uburyo bugoye.
Bitewe nuko byoroshye kandi biramba, utubati twa diaphragm twa rubber tubereye ahantu hari izindi seal zishobora kubangamira ingendo cyangwa ihindagurika ry’imashini. Ubushobozi bwazo bwo gukurikiza ibitagenda neza ntibwizeza gusa ko seal ikora neza ahubwo bunatuma iramba kandi ikaba yizewe. Ubusanzwe izi seal ziboneka mu mapompo, compressors, n'ibikoresho bizunguruka, zorohereza gushyirwaho no kubungabunga, kandi zikongera ubwiza bwazo.
Umuntu agomba kuzirikana ko nubwo ibi bintu bituma imitako ya diaphragm ya rubber iba myiza cyane, uburyo ikoreshwamo bugengwa n’imiterere ya elastomer ikoreshwa. Ibintu nk’ibijyanye n’imiti, gukomera, kwihanganira ubushyuhe, no gusaza mu bihe bitandukanye by’ibidukikije ni ingenzi mu gutuma iyi mitako ikora neza kandi ikora neza.
Muri make, imitako ya diaphragm itanga igisubizo cy’ingirakamaro gikoreshwa mu mashini runaka aho kwihuza n’impinduka bigira uruhare runini mu kubungabunga umutako urinda amazi gusohoka mu gihe bibungabunga imikorere y’ibikoresho.
Ibyuma by'umuvuduko w'urubura
Ifu y'imashini ifunga ikoresheje icyuma gifunga imashini ni ubwoko bw'imashini ifunga imashini ikoresha mu gushyiramo amazi mu bikoresho bizenguruka, nk'imashini zikoresha pompe n'imashini zivanga. Izi fu y'imashini ikoresha icyuma gifunga imashini gitanga ubushobozi bwo kwakira imiterere mibi y'imashini, ihindagurika, n'uburyo ikoreshwa mu kurangiza. Ihame ry'imiterere y'ifu y'imashini ifunga ikoresheje icyuma gifunga imashini ikoresha icyuma gifunga imashini haba nk'isoko kugira ngo ikomeze gukorana mu maso ndetse no nk'igice gifunga gikoresha ikoranabuhanga.
Ubushobozi bw'imivure bworoshye butuma habaho impinduka mu migendekere y'imivure idashyira imbaraga nyinshi ku maso y'imivure, ibyo bikaba ari ingenzi cyane mu kubungabunga ubusugire bw'imivure mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha. Byongeye kandi, iyi mivure ikuraho gukenera amasoko yo hanze ashobora gufunga ibintu bihumanya; bityo ikaba ingirakamaro cyane mu ikoreshwa ry'imivure cyangwa amazi afite uduce duto.
Ku bijyanye no kuramba, imitako y'umukara igaragaza ubudahangarwa butangaje ku bintu byinshi bikomoka ku binyabutabire bitewe nuko ihura n'ibikoresho bitandukanye bya elastomeric. Bityo rero, mu gihe uhitamo imitako y'umukara yo gukoreshwa mu buryo bwihariye, ni ngombwa kuzirikana ubushyuhe bw'imiti n'ubushyuhe bw'imikorere.
Imiterere yazo yoroshye ubusanzwe isaba ibice bike ugereranije n'izindi mashini zifunga, ibyo bigatuma habaho kugabanya amakosa aterwa no guteranya cyangwa imikorere igoye. Ubu buryo bworoshye kandi bufasha mu koroshya ishyirwaho no kugabanya ikiguzi kuko nta bice byinshi bigoye bisaba guhuza neza cyangwa guhindurwa neza.
Muri make, imisego ya rubber bellows iratandukanye kubera imikorere yayo ihindagurika kandi ikora neza mu buryo butandukanye, harimo ibibazo byo kugorana cyangwa ibintu birimo utunyangingo. Ubushobozi bwabo bwo gukemura ibibazo bitandukanye by’imikorere badasiba ubwizigirwa bwo gufunga butuma baba amahitamo meza mu nganda zitandukanye zisaba uburyo bwiza bwo kubika amazi.
Ibyuma Bifite Impeta ya O
Impeta zometseho impeta za O-Ring ni ubwoko bw'impeta zikoreshwa mu buryo bwa mekanike zikoresha impeta ya o-ring nk'ikintu cy'ingenzi cyo kuziba. Iyi mpeta ya o-ring ikunze gushyirwa ku murambararo w'inyuma w'impeta kandi yagenewe gutanga imbaraga zikenewe zo kuziba binyuze mu guhuza ibice bibiri. Izi mpeta zikunze kugaragara mu mashini zitandukanye aho hari umuvuduko uri hagati kugeza ku mwinshi, kandi zigomba kuba zishobora kwihanganira ibidukikije bitandukanye bya shimi n'ubushyuhe.
Impeta ya o-ring iri muri izi seal ishobora gukorwa mu bikoresho bitandukanye bya elastomeric, nka nitrile, silicone, cyangwa fluoroelastomer, buri kimwe gitoranywa hashingiwe ku guhuza n'amazi arimo gufungwa n'imiterere y'imikorere. Uburyo ibikoresho bya o-ring bikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye butuma habaho ibisubizo byihariye bihuye n'ibikenewe mu nganda.
Mu gukoresha, O-Ring Seals zishyirwa ku rukuta zitanga inyungu nyinshi kurusha izindi seals. Ubusanzwe zoroshya gushyiraho bitewe n'imiterere yazo yoroshye. Ubushobozi bwo kuzifunga butangwa na elastomeric o-ring ihuye neza n'ubusembwa bwo hejuru, itanga imikorere yizewe ndetse no mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe butandukanye. Imiterere y'O-Ring Seals zishyirwa ku rukuta ituma zikoreshwa mu gusimburana aho umuvuduko w'uruziga ushobora kubaho.
Ikoreshwa ryabyo rikunze kuboneka mu mapompo, mu byuma bivangavanga, mu byuma bitera imbaraga, mu byuma bikonjesha, no mu bindi bikoresho aho umwanya wa radial ari muto ariko imikorere yo kuzifunga ikaba ari ngombwa. Uburyo bwo kubungabunga akenshi busaba gusimbuza impeta za o-ring zashaje byoroshye, ibyo bigatuma zikundwa cyane mu kubungabunga imikorere myiza no kugabanya igihe cyo kudakora neza mu bikoresho bitewe n’imikorere ihoraho y’imashini.
Muri rusange, uku gushyira mu byiciro imashini zifunga ibintu bifite uruhare runini mu kugenzura ko amazi afunze neza no gukumira amazi ashobora gutakaza ubukungu ndetse n’ingaruka zishobora guterwa n’umutekano mu nganda zitunganya ibintu.
Mu gusoza
Mu isi y’urusobe rw’udupfukamunwa twa mekanike, twanyuze mu byiciro bitandukanye, buri kimwe cyagenewe kuzuza ibisabwa mu gufunga n’imiterere y’imikorere. Kuva ku buryo bworoshye bwa karitsiye kugeza ku gukomera kwa mixer na agitor seals, kuva ku buryo bunoze bwa ringled seals kugeza ku gukomera kw’udupfukamunwa tudafite uburinganire, no kuva ku buryo bumwe kugeza ku buryo bubiri, ubushakashatsi bwacu bwagaragaje ko hari agapfukamunwa gakwiranye n’umutima wa buri mashini.
Nubwo uburyo zikoreshwa butandukanye, imashini zifunga zihagaze nk'abarinzi barinda amazi, zirinda imashini n'ibidukikije hamwe n'imbaraga zazo zakozwe. Byaba biri munsi y'igitutu kinini cyangwa biri munsi y'ibintu byangiza, izi mashini zifunga zigaragaza ko gushyira mu byiciro birenga urugero gusa—ni ukugereranya imitsi n'ubutumwa.
Niba imashini zawe ari zo zitanga ubuzima mu bikorwa byawe, guhitamo ikimenyetso gikwiye ni ngombwa kugira ngo zikomeze kugira ubuzima bwiza n'imikorere myiza. Rinda ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho byawe ukoresheje intwaro ibigenewe - hitamo ikimenyetso cya mekanike kijyanye neza n'ibyo ukeneye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 13-2023