Sisitemu zo gufunga ebyiri za Mechanical: Igihe n'impamvu zikoreshwa

Intangiriro

Ifunze ry’imashini ebyiri rikunze gutorwa iyo amazi asohoka adafatwa nk’ikibazo gito cyo kuyabungabunga ahubwo nk’ikibazo cy’umutekano, ibidukikije, cyangwa ingaruka zo kwizera. Mu ipompo zikora amazi ateza akaga, ahindagurika, atera ubwivumbure, cyangwa atera amavuta make, uburyo bwo gufunga bubiri bwongeraho imbogamizi ya kabiri yo kuzigama kandi akenshi bukorana na sisitemu yo gushyigikira imikorere. Iyi ngingo isobanura igihe ubwo buryo bworoshye bwemewe, ibintu bituma habaho gufata icyemezo, n’impamvu guhitamo ifunze bigira ingaruka ku kugenzura imyuka ihumanya, igihe ibikoresho bimara, n’igihe kidateganijwe cyo kubura. Kuva ku kugabanya ibyago kugeza ku bukungu bw’imikorere, ikiganiro gitanga uburyo bwo gufata icyemezo igihe ifunze ry’imashini ebyiri ari ryo mahitamo akwiye y’ubuhanga.

Impamvu guhitamo ibipfukisho bibiri bya mekanike ari ingenzi

Mu bikorwa bigezweho byo gucunga no gusimbuza ibikoresho by'amazi,ikirango cya mashini gikora nk'uruzitiro rw'ibanzehagati y’amazi akoreshwa mu gutunganya ibintu n’ibidukikije byo hanze. Nubwo imashini imwe ifunga ibintu ihagije kugira ngo ikoreshwe neza, uburyo bwo gushyiraho sisitemu y’imashini ebyiri ifunga ibintu buba itegeko rikomeye mu buhanga iyo ikosa rigera kuri zeru. Guhitamo ikoranabuhanga rikwiye ryo gufunga ibintu si ikibazo cyo kubika amazi gusa; ni ikintu cy’ingenzi kigena umutekano w’ibikomoka ku bimera, kubahiriza ibidukikije, n’inyungu mu mikorere y’igihe kirekire.

Icyemezo cyo gushyira mu bikorwa imiterere y’imashini zikora ku buryo bubiri gihindura imiterere y’uburyo bwo kuvoma. Gishyiraho uburyo bwo kubika amazi bwa kabiri, uburyo bw’inkunga y’inyongera, n’uburyo bugoye bwo gucunga amazi bugomba gucungwa neza. Gusobanukirwa imiterere nyayo y’ibyago n’ingaruka z’imikorere bisaba ko iri vugurura ni intambwe ya mbere mu gukora ibikoresho bizunguruka neza.

Ingaruka z'ubwirinzi n'umutekano

Impamvu yihuse yo gushyiraho ibifunga bibiri bya mekanike ni ukugabanya ibyago byo kwangirika bikomeye. Mu gukoresha umuvuduko mwinshi cyangwa ubushyuhe bwinshi burimo amazi ashobora gushya, uburozi, cyangwa guturika, gucika burundu kw'ibifunga by'ibanze bishobora gutera ibyago byihutirwa. Amazi afite ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 60°C (140°F), amanota ya NFPA ku byago by'ubuzima ya 3 cyangwa 4, cyangwa arimo imyuka ihumanya ikirere (HAPs) bisaba ko ibizinga bitagira ingaruka kugira ngo hirindwe ko habaho ibicu by'umwuka cyangwa inkongi.

Mu gukoresha isura y’imashini ifunga igice cya kabiri, ibikoresho byongera cyane igihe cyo gukora hagati y’ibicuruzwa (MTBF), akenshi byongera igihe cyo gukora ku kigero cya 150% kugeza kuri 300% ugereranije n’imashini imwe mu mirimo imwe. Iyo imashini ifunga igice cyayo cyangiritse, imashini ifunga igice cyayo cyaba kirimo amazi cyangwa amazi y’insinga, bigatuma abayikoresha bashobora guhagarika ibikoresho aho kugira ngo bahure n’impanuka zikomeye.

Ibibazo by'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere n'imvura iva mu kirere

Amabwiriza akaze agenga ibidukikije ahatira inyubako zigezweho kugera kuri zeru ku byuka bihumanya ikirere. Inzego z’amategeko, nka Method 21 ya EPA muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika cyangwa Amabwiriza agenga imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu Burayi, ashyiraho ingamba zikomeye zo kugabanya imyanda ihumanya ikirere (VOC), akenshi agategeka ko habaho imipaka iri munsi ya 500 paundi (ppm), no mu turere tumwe na tumwe, kugeza kuri 50 ppm.

Ifuru imwe, mu buryo bw’imiterere yayo, ikoresha agace k’amazi ka mikorosikopi kugira ngo kayishyire mu maso, ibyo bikaba bivamo umwuka muke (ubusanzwe garama 1 kugeza kuri 5 mu isaha) n’ibyuka biva mu kirere.Ibyuma bibiri by'ubukanishi, cyane cyane abakoresha amazi y’insinga afite umuvuduko (API 682 Arrangement 3), bakuraho burundu isohoka ry’amazi y’insinga mu kirere, bagasimbuza amazi ashobora kuva mu nzira n’amazi y’insinga adahagije.

Ingaruka ku musaruro no kubungabunga

Uretse amategeko agenga umutekano n'ibidukikije, guhitamo ibidodo bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku ngengo y'imari ikoreshwa n'iy'inganda zikoreshwa mu kubungabunga.Ingufu zo gufunga za mekanike zigira hafi 70%ibikorwa byose byo kubungabunga pompe ya centrifugal. Gusimbuza pompe bisanzwe bisaba amasaha ari hagati ya 8 na 24 y'akazi n'igihe cyo kuruhuka, bishobora gutera igihombo kuva ku madolari 10.000 kugeza ku madolari arenga 50.000 ku isaha mu buryo buhoraho bwo gukora peteroli.

Ifuru ebyiri zikoreshwa mu buryo bwa mekanike zitandukanya ifuru zikozwe neza n’imashini mu buryo bugoye. Mu gutanga amazi meza, akonje kandi aryoshye cyane, ifuru zirimo kurindwa imirasire yumye, kwangirika no guhindagurika k’ubushyuhe, bikongera ubuzima bw’ipompo kandi bigagabanya ibikorwa byo kuyibungabunga bitateganijwe.

Icyo Ikimenyetso cy'imashini ebyiri ari cyo

Ikimenyetso cy'imashini ebyiri, akenshi mu bipimo ngenderwaho by’ubuhanga bigezweho nk’ikimenyetso cy’ubukorikori, kigizwe n’ibice bibiri byigenga bya mekanike bikora mu buryo bukurikiranye cyangwa buteganye mu cyumba kimwe cy’ikimenyetso. Ubu buryo butuma habaho umwobo hagati y’ibice bibiri byuzuyemo amazi ya kabiri, azwi nka buffer cyangwa amazi y’inzitizi, akoreshwa mu gusiga amavuta ku maso y’ikimenyetso, gusohora ubushyuhe, no gutanga urwego rwa kabiri rwo kubikamo ibintu.

Imiterere y'ibanze ishingiye ku mikoranire iri hagati y'ikimenyetso cy'imbere (gihuza neza n'amazi y'imikorere) n'ikimenyetso cy'inyuma (gihuza n'ikirere). Imiterere y'ikimenyetso cy'inyuma igena uburyo nyabwo bwo gushyira hamwe ikimenyetso n'ubushobozi bw'imikorere y'ikimenyetso cy'impande ebyiri.

Ibisobanuro by'ingenzi n'amahame ngenderwaho y'imikorere

Ihame ry'imikorere y'ipfundikizo ry'ibice bibiri rishingiye ku itandukaniro ry'umuvuduko riri mu mwobo uri hagati y'ipfundikizo ry'imbere n'iry'inyuma. Iyo amazi yo mu mwobo agumanye umuvuduko uri munsi y'umuvuduko w'agasanduku k'ibintu bishyirwa mu buryo, byitwa "amazi yo mu mwobo" (Integuro ya 2). Muri iki gihe, ipfundikizo ry'imbere rishyirwamo amavuta n'amazi yo mu mwobo, kandi amazi yose yo mu mwobo afatwa n'amazi yo mu mwobo.

Ku rundi ruhande, iyo amazi yo mu mwobo ashyizwemo igitutu ku rugero ruri hejuru y’igitutu cy’imikorere—ubusanzwe aguma kuri 1.5 kugeza kuri 2.0 bar (22 kugeza kuri 29 psi) hejuru y’igitutu ntarengwa cy’agasanduku ko gushyiramo ibintu, akenshi bigasaba igipimo cyo gutembera kwa litiro 2 kugeza kuri 8 ku munota—byitwa “amazi yo kubuza” (Igenamigambi rya 3). Muri ibi bihe, amazi yo kubuza ashyira amavuta ku maso y’igipfundikizo cy’imbere n’icy’inyuma. Iyo igipfundikizo cy’imbere kimaze gusaza, amazi yo kubuza asohoka yinjira mu nzira, bigatuma hatabaho gusohoka kw’uburyo buteza akaga.

Kugereranya n'udupfundikizo tw'ibumba rimwe

Gusobanukirwa itandukaniro nyaryo hagati y’imiterere y’ipfundo rimwe n’iry’ipfundo ry’imashini ebyiri ni ingenzi mu isesengura ry’ibiciro by’ubuzima n’ingaruka. Kongeramo ipfundo ry’imashini rya kabiri bihindura cyane imikorere y’ipompo.

Imiterere y'ikimenyetso n'icyerekezo cy'isura

Ibyuma bibiri by’ubujeni byakozwe mu buryo butandukanye kugira ngo bihuze n’imbogamizi zitandukanye z’ahantu n’ibisabwa ku gitutu. Amagambo akoreshwa mu gusigazwa kw’ibintu ari yo “gusubira inyuma,” “imbonankubone,” na “gusubira inyuma” yasimbuwe cyane n’uburyo API 682 ishyirwa mu byiciro, nubwo imiterere y’ibintu ikomeje kuba ingenzi.

Icyerekezo cy'inyuma n'inyuma gishyira impeta zizunguruka zireba kure y'izindi, ibyo bikaba ari byiza cyane ku mazi akingira umuvuduko mwinshi (akunze kugaragazwa nka 40 kugeza kuri 60 bar / 580 kugeza kuri 870 psi) ariko byereka ibikoresho byo gufunga biri mu gikoresho cy'inyuma ku mazi akoreshwa mu gikorwa. Icyerekezo cy'imbonankubone gifitanye isano n'impeta isanzwe kandi ikunze gukoreshwa mu dusanduku two gushyiramo ibintu bike. Icyerekezo cya tandem (kenshi na gahunda ya 2) gishyira ibirango byombi mu cyerekezo kimwe, bigatuma ibirango byo hanze bihangana n'umuvuduko wose w'igikorwa niba ibirango byo mu gikoresho byananiwe, bigatuma biba amahitamo meza yo gukoresha serivisi zo gushyushya umwuka mwinshi.

Igihe cyo Gukoresha Ikimenyetso cy'Ubukanishi Kibiri

Kugena uburyo bwo gufunga inshuro ebyiri bisaba kuringaniza amafaranga menshi akoreshwa mu ntangiriro ugereranije n’ibikenewe mu bikorwa. Si amazi yose ashyushye akenera gufunga inshuro ebyiri; iterambere mu bikoresho byo gufunga inshuro imwe n’igenamigambi ryo gufunga byazamuye ubushobozi bwabyo. Ariko, ingano y’imikorere yihariye n’imiterere y’amazi bituma habaho amabwiriza adasubirwamo yo gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo gufunga inshuro ebyiri.

Abahanga mu by’imashini bagomba gusuzuma neza imiterere y’amazi y’imikorere, imiterere y’imikorere, n’ingaruka zo kunanirwa kumenya igihe guhindura kuva kuri kimwe ukajya kuri turufu ebyiri bifite ishingiro mu rwego rwa tekiniki no mu bukungu.

Imiterere ya serivisi ituma ikoreshwa

Imiterere myinshi igoye yo gukora ni yo ituma habaho imiterere ikomeye y’ibumba ribiri. Amazi afite ubunini bwinshi bw’uduce duto two mu bwoko bwa abrasive—ubusanzwe turenga 10% by’ibikomeye ukurikije uburemere—azangiza vuba amaso y’ibumba rimwe. Ibumba ribiri rishyizwemo igitutu ritandukanya ayo maso n’ibumba ribiri burundu.

Byongeye kandi, ibinyabutabire bifite amavuta make, nka hydrocarbons zoroshye zifite ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 0.5 cP, ibinyabutabire bidasiga amavuta, cyangwa amazi ashyushye, bikunze kugaragara nk'umwuka mu maso hafunganye, bigatera amazi yumye no gucika kw'ubushyuhe. Ibinyabutabire bikorera hafi y'umuvuduko w'umwuka wabyo bisaba ko habaho uburyo bwo gufunga bubiri aho amazi afunganye kandi adahindagurika ashobora kugumana uruziga rw'ingenzi rw'amazi hagati y'amaso azenguruka n'ahagaze.

Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo guhitamo by'ingenzi

Ibipimo by'ingenzi byo guhitamo bireba ubushyuhe, igitutu, uburozi, n'ingaruka za polymerization. Ikoreshwa rikora ku bushyuhe bukabije (urugero, hejuru ya 200°C / 400°F) akenshi risaba ko habaho gufunga kabiri hamwe n'urukiramende rwo hanze kugira ngo isura y'aho gufunga igume mu rugero rw'ubushyuhe kandi hirindwe kwangirika kwa elastomer.

Amavuta yo gushonga, akomeza cyangwa agakomera iyo ahuye na ogisijeni yo mu kirere, atera ikibazo kidasanzwe. Iyo hakoreshejwe agapfundikizo kamwe, amazi y’ikirere azakomera ku ruhande rw’ikirere rw’agapfundikizo, bigatuma impeta za O-rings zigenda zicika vuba kandi zikamanika. Agapfundikizo gafite amazi y’urutare ajyanye n’ikirere karinda ko umwuka ugaragara mu kirere ndetse no kwiyongera kw’uturemangingo.

Imikorere ifatika yo guhitamo

Imikorere ifatika yo guhitamo ibipfukamunwabigomba gukurikiza gahunda zashyizweho n'inganda, nka API 682 Annex A. Imikorere itangirana no kumenya ishyirwa mu byiciro ry'ibyago by'amazi. Iyo amazi afite uburozi bwinshi cyangwa ashobora gushya cyane, Arrangement 3 (ikimenyetso cy'ubushyuhe gifite umuvuduko) ihita itoranywa.

Iyo amazi adateye akaga, injeniyeri asuzuma imiterere y’amazi (urugero: imyuka iri munsi ya 0.35 bar, ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 0.5 cP, cyangwa uduce duto turenze 10%). Iyo iyi miterere irenze imipaka y’imikorere y’agace kamwe, imikorere yayo ihindukirira kuri Arrangement 2 (agace ka kabiri kadakandamizwa) cyangwa Arrangement 3, bitewe n’uko intego y’ibanze ari ugufata cyangwa kwitandukanya n’amaso burundu.

Ubuhanga n'Iyubahirizwa ry'Amategeko mu by'Ubwubatsi

Gushyira mu bikorwa imashini ebyiri zo gufunga ntabwo ari ukuvugurura ibikoresho byihariye; bisaba guhuza sisitemu zigoye zo gufasha. Izi sisitemu zigenga umuvuduko, ubushyuhe, n'isuku y'agakoresho kabugenewe cyangwa amazi y'ingufu, kandi imiterere yazo ni ingenzi cyane nk'imashini ubwayo.

Abahanga mu by’ubwubatsi bahura n’ibibazo byinshi mu gihe bashushanya izi sisitemu, bahuza iyubahirizwa ry’amahame mpuzamahanga ugereranyije n’aho uruganda rudakoresha ibikoresho, aho rushobora gukoresha ibikoresho bifatika, ndetse n’uko ibikoresho bihuye.

Sisitemu z'ubufasha na Gahunda za API

Ifumbire ebyiri zishingiye gusa ku miyoboro ya API kugira ngo zikore. Ifumbire ebyiri zidafite igitutu akenshi zikoresha API Plan 52, izenguruka amazi aturuka mu kigega cyo hanze (ubusanzwe ifite ubushobozi bwa litiro 12 kugeza kuri 20, igenewe gusohora ubushyuhe bwa kW 1 kugeza kuri 5). Iyi gahunda isaba guhuza na sisitemu yo kugarura umuriro cyangwa imyuka kugira ngo icunge neza amazi yinjira mu kigega.

Ibyuma bibiri bifite umuvuduko bikoresha API Plan 53 (A, B, cyangwa C) cyangwa Plan 54. Plan 53A ikoresha ikigega gifite umuvuduko wa gazi, kigarukira kuri 10.3 bar (150 psi) kugira ngo hirindwe ko umwuka winjira mu mazi y’uruti rw’umuyoboro. Ku muvuduko mwinshi, Plan 53B ikoresha agakoresho ko mu ruti rw’umuyoboro w’inkari, mu gihe Plan 53C ikoresha agakoresho ko mu ruti rw’umuyoboro gakoresha umuvuduko w’umuyoboro w’umuyoboro. Plan 54, igoye cyane, ikoresha agakoresho ko mu ruti rw’umuyoboro gashyirwa hanze kugira ngo gatange amazi y’uruti rw’umuyoboro ku mapompo menshi icyarimwe.

Ibikoresho, gukonjesha, n'igishushanyo mbonera cy'imiyoboro

Guhitamo ibikoresho biri muri sisitemu yo gufunga no gushyigikira bigomba kuba bishingiye ku buryo bwo gukora ndetse n'amazi y'uruvange. Ubusanzwe, isura y'uruvange ikorwa mu bikoresho by'agaciro nka Silikoni ya Silikoni (SiC) cyangwa Tungsten Carbide ibohewe na Nickel (TC) kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu muvuduko ukabije w'umuvuduko (PV), akenshi irenga 35.000 bar-m/s (1.000.000 psi-ft/min).

Ibintu byo gufunga bya kabiri (O-rings) bigena imipaka y'ubushyuhe bw'iyi sisitemu. Nubwo Fluoroelastomers zisanzwe (FKM) zikwiriye ubushyuhe bugera kuri 200°C, Perfluoroelastomers zihariye (FFKM) zirakenewe ku bushyuhe bwegereye 320°C (608°F). Byongeye kandi, imiterere y'imiyoboro y'udukingirizo two gukonjesha igomba kugabanya igihombo cyo gukururana; gukoresha imiyoboro ifite umurambararo muto urenze santimetero 12.7 (12.7 mm) bishobora kubuza urujya n'uruza rwa thermosyphon, bigatera ubushyuhe bukabije bw'imiyoboro.

Iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko n'amahame ngenderwaho y'ibikomoka ku nganda

Kubahiriza amahame mpuzamahanga bitanga umutekano n'ubwizerwe bw'ibanze ariko bigashyiraho imbogamizi zikomeye z'ubuhanga. Mu rwego rwa peteroli, gaze na peteroli, API 682 (Igitabo cya 4) na ISO 21049 bigena ibisabwa bikomeye ku bipimo by'icyumba cyo gufunga, uburyo bwo gupima imiterere y'amasaha 100, n'ibikoresho.

Ku bigo bikora mu kirere giturika, kubahiriza amabwiriza ya ATEX (mu Burayi) cyangwa

Uburyo bwo gufata icyemezo cya nyuma

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Imyanzuro y'ingenzi n'impamvu z'ingenzi ku bijyanye n'ifungwa ry'ibikoresho bibiri
• Ibisobanuro, kubahiriza amategeko, n'igenzura ry'ingaruka bikwiye kwemezwa mbere yo kwiyemeza
• Intambwe zikurikiraho zifatika n'ibyo abasomyi bashobora gushyira mu bikorwa ako kanya

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Ni ryari hakwiye gukoreshwa agapfundikizo k'imashini ebyiri?

Ikoreshe iyo ibikoresho bipompa bifite uburozi, bishya, bikarishye, bishyushye cyane, cyangwa bishobora gushonga, kandi iyo amazi agomba kugabanuka kugira ngo habeho umutekano cyangwa kubahiriza amategeko.

Kuki agapfunyika ka kabiri ka mashini karuta agapfunyika kamwe mu mirimo iteza akaga?

Yongeraho uburyo bwa kabiri bwo gufunga hamwe n'agakoresho ko gufunga cyangwa gukingira, bityo iyo agakoresho k'ibanze kangiritse, amazi asohoka aba ahagije kugira ngo agenzurwe cyangwa afungwe.

Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y'amazi akoreshwa mu gufunga n'amazi akoreshwa mu gufunga?

Amazi yo mu bwoko bwa buffer akenshi nta gitutu afite kandi ashyigikira agapfundikizo k'inyuma; amazi yo mu muyoboro ashyirwa hejuru y'igitutu cy'icyumba cy'igipfundikizo kugira ngo wirinde ko amazi yo mu muyoboro agera mu kirere.

Ese Victor Seals ishobora gutanga imitako ibiri ikoreshwa na OEM ku ipompo zo mu nganda?

Yego. Victor Seals itanga ibisubizo byo kuziba bihuye na OEM kandi bisimbura ibikomoka kuri pompe nyinshi zikoreshwa mu bintu bya shimi, ibyo mu mazi, peteroli na gaze, ndetse n'amazi.

Ni gute imashini ebyiri zifunga zigabanya igihe cyo kudakora ipompo?

Mu gukomeza gukonjesha amaso y’ibumba, isukuye kandi ikagira amavuta meza, bigabanya gusunika kw’ibumba, kwangirika no kuva amazi mu buryo butunguranye, bifasha kongera igihe cyo gufunga no guhagarika guhagarara ku buryo butunguranye.