Uburyo bwo kubona ikimenyetso gikwiye cya mashini zikoresha pompe za shimi

Intangiriro

Guhitamo agapfunyika ka mashini gakoreshwa mu gupompa imiti ni umutekano, icyizere, n'ikiguzi kimwe n'uburyo igice gihitamo. Agapfunyika gakwiye gagomba kuba gahuye n'uburyo amazi yangirika, ubushyuhe, umuvuduko, umuvuduko w'umwuka, n'ibikubiye mu mazi ariko kandi gahuye n'imiterere y'ipompa n'imikorere yayo. Guhuza nabi bishobora gutera amazi kuva, kwangirika vuba, kuzimya ibintu bitateganijwe, ndetse n'ingaruka zo kubahiriza amategeko mu gutanga serivisi ziteje akaga. Iyi ngingo isobanura ibintu by'ingenzi bituma habaho guhitamo agapfunyika, uburyo ubwoko butandukanye bw'agapfunyika n'ibikoresho bikora mu gukoresha imiti, n'ibyo ugomba gusuzuma mbere yo gushyiraho cyangwa gusimbuza agapfunyika kugira ngo pompa ikore igihe kirekire kandi mu mutekano.

Impamvu guhitamo ikirango gikwiye cya mashini zikoresha pompe za shimi ari ingenzi

Ifumbire za mekanike ni zo nzitizi nyamukuru zo kubika amazi mu ipompo zitunganya imiti, zigena cyane cyane ubwizerwe n'umutekano w'uburyo bwo kohereza amazi. Mu bidukikije bikoresha ibikoresho bikaze, birimo uburozi, cyangwa bishobora gushya cyane, imiterere y'ibi bice irenze ubwisungane bw'ibanze; ni ngombwa cyane mu buhanga. Ifumbire idatoranijwe neza ntiyihutisha gusa kwangirika kw'ibikoresho ahubwo inashyira ibikoresho mu kaga gakomeye ko kubika amazi.

Uburyo bwo gutunganya imiti busaba uburyo buhamye bwo guhitamo ibifunga. Injeniyeri zigomba gusuzuma ibintu bihinduka kuva ku guhindagurika kw'amazi kugeza ku guhinduka gukomeye k'ubushyuhe. Mu gusobanukirwa uruhare rw'ibanzeibifunga bya mekanikegukora mu miterere ya sisitemu, abakora uruganda bashobora kugabanya igihe cyo kudakora neza no kunoza ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho byabo bizenguruka.

Ingaruka ku gihe cyo gukora, umutekano, no kubahiriza amategeko

Mu nganda zikora imiti, ubuziranenge bw’ibifunga bugena mu buryo butaziguye igihe cyo gukora no kunguka kw’ibikorwa. Ihungabana ry’ibifunga ni ryo rituma imashini zikoresha imiti zihagarara, akenshi bigasaba ko ibintu bihagarara ako kanya no kubungabunga ibintu mu buryo bwihutirwa bihenze. Uretse igihombo cy’umusaruro, umutekano no kubahiriza amategeko agenga ibidukikije bishingiye cyane ku buryo bwo kwirinda.

Inzego zishinzwe kugenzura zishyira mu bikorwa imipaka ikomeye ku byuka bihumanya ikirere. Urugero, Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA) gikunze gutegeka ko ibyuka bihumanya ikirere (VOC) biva mu bikoresho bizenguruka biguma munsi ya 500 ku bice kuri miliyoni (ppm). Kugira ngo tugere kuri iki gipimo gikomeye, hamwe no kongera igihe hagati y’ibihe binaniranye (MTBF) kugeza ku ntego zirenze amezi 36, bisaba uburyo bwo kuziba bukozwe neza bujyanye n’ibidukikije byihariye by’imiti.

Imiterere y'imikorere yongera ibyago byo kwangirika kw'ibipfundikizo

Imiterere itandukanye y’imikorere ishyira ibimenyetso bya mekanike mu kato ku bushobozi bwo gucika intege. Imiterere y’igihe gito, nko gutangira kwa pompe, kuzimya, no guhindagurika kw’imikorere, itera imbaraga zikomeye za mekanike n’ubushyuhe, ibyo imibare isanzwe ikunze kwirengagiza. Guca mu kato no gukora byumye birangiza cyane, kuko gutakaza icyuma cy’amazi hagati y’impande za mekanike bituma habaho gushyuha cyane no gucikagurika k’ubushyuhe.

Byongeye kandi, ibikorwa bya shimi bikunze kubamo gushyuha cyane, aho ubushyuhe burenze 200°C buba mu masegonda make. Ihindagurika ryihuse nk'iryo rishobora gutuma ibintu byo mu maso bisohoka cyangwa bigasenya ibikoresho byo mu maso nka silicon carbide. Kwangirika gukabije kw'amazi akoresha kristu cyangwa uduce duto tw'ibintu bimanitse nabyo byihutisha cyane kwangirika kw'isura, bigasaba uburyo bwihariye bwo guhuza isura n'ibidukikije kugira ngo bigabanye ibyago byo kwangirika.

Amakuru y'imikorere agomba gusobanurwa mbere yo guhitamo ikirango

Ibisobanuro nyabyo bisaba imiterere yuzuye y'imikorere. Kwishingikiriza ku bipimo bya pompe bitabanje gusesengura imiterere nyayo iri mu cyumba cyo gufunga byanze bikunze bitera kwangirika kw'ibice byayo.amatsinda yo kubungabungaigomba gukora urutonde rwuzuye rw'amakuru asobanura imiterere y'amazi, imiterere y'ubushyuhe, n'imbogamizi za mekanike mu ikoreshwa.

Imiterere y'amazi, igitutu, ubushyuhe, n'ingano y'ibintu bikomeye

Imiterere y’umubiri n’imiti by’iki gikoresho gipompa ni byo shingiro ry’ibyemezo byose byo gukora ibifunga. Uburemere, ingano ya pH, uburemere bwihariye, n’umuvuduko w’umwuka bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku miterere y’urumuri rw’amazi no ku mavuta yo mu maso. Gupompa amazi hafi y’umuvuduko w’umwuka bishobora gutuma ibifunga bitangira gukonja cyangwa kongera umuvuduko.

Ibipimo by'umuvuduko n'ubushyuhe bigomba kuba bikubiyemo urwego rusanzwe rw'imikorere n'imimerere ntarengwa yo kuzamuka kw'ingufu. Pompe za shimi zikunze gushyira ibifunga ku gipimo cy'agasanduku k'ibikoresho kugeza kuri dogere 25 n'ubushyuhe bukabije. Byongeye kandi, ingano y'ibintu bikomeye igena ubukana bw'ibikoresho byo mu maso n'imiterere y'ibifunga; uburemere bw'ibintu bikomeye burenze 5% by'uburemere busanzwe busaba igishushanyo cyihariye cyo gukurura cyangwa ibifunga by'ibicanwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko isura yangirika cyangwa ko impeshyi yaziba.

Umuvuduko w'umuyoboro, imiterere y'ipompo, na gahunda y'imiyoboro

Ibintu bifatika n'imiterere bigira ingaruka ku buryo bugaragara ku mikorere y'urushundura. Umuvuduko w'umugozi, ubusanzwe uri hagati ya 1.450 na 3.600 RPM mu mashini zisanzwe za shimi, ugena umuvuduko w'impande ku maso y'urushundura. Umuvuduko mwinshi utanga ubushyuhe bwinshi, bigasaba ko ubushyuhe bwiyongera mu bikoresho byatoranijwe kandi bigafasha mu gutunganya neza uburyo bwo gukonjesha.

Imiterere y'ipompo—yaba igororotse, ihagaze, cyangwa iri hagati—ihindura ubushobozi bw'imyororokere n'amazi mu cyumba gifunga. Urugero, pompe zihagaze zishobora gufata umwuka ku gice gifunga, zisaba imiterere yihariye y'imyororokere kugira ngo hirindwe ko amazi yumuka. Muri icyo gihe, igishushanyo mbonera cya API 682 cyatoranijwe (nk'igishushanyo mbonera cya 11 cyo gusohora amazi cyangwa igishushanyo mbonera cya 53A cyo gufunga amazi) kigomba guhuzwa neza n'ibipimo by'aho ipompo iherereye n'amazi.

Ibikoresho byo gupfuka ku maso, elastomer, n'ibice by'icyuma

Kuba ibikoresho bihuye ni byo bigena igihe kirekire cyo gufunga no gufunga ibintu bya kabiri. Isura y'ibanze y'igipfundikizo igomba kuringaniza ubukana, amavuta, no kudakora neza kw'ibinyabutabire. Silicon Carbide (SiC) ni yo ikoreshwa mu nganda bitewe n'uko irwanya ibinyabutabire ku isi yose kandi ikaba ikoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi, nubwo Tungsten Carbide (TC) ishobora gutoranywa mu gukurura cyane kandi idahumanya.

Elastomer zo mu rwego rwa kabiri nazo ni ingenzi cyane kandi akenshi zigaragaza isano idakomeye mu mikoreshereze y’ibinyabutabire. FKM (isanzwe ya fluoroelastomer) ishobora kwangirika vuba mu bintu bishongesha umubiri, bigasaba kuvugururwa bikagera kuri perfluoroelastomer (FFKM), itanga ubushobozi bwo guhuza ibinyabutabire hafi ya byose kandi ishobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe buhoraho kugeza kuri 320°C. Ibice by'icyuma, harimo amasoko n'imigozi yo gutwara, bigomba kandi kurwanya ibitero byangiza umubiri, akenshi bigasaba ikoreshwa ry'ibyuma bifite nikeli nyinshi nka Hastelloy C-276 cyangwa Alloy 20 aho gukoresha icyuma kitagira umugese gisanzwe cya 316.

Uburyo bwo kugereranya uburyo bwo gushyiramo imashini mu byuma bya shimi

Gusuzuma imiterere y'ibifunga bya mekanike bisaba kuringaniza uburyo bwo kubicunga no kubishyiraho.inganda z'ibinyabutabireikoresha ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibishushanyo mbonera by'ibice, buri kimwe cyakozwe kugira ngo gikemure ibibazo byihariye n'imiterere y'amazi. Kugereranya aya mahitamo mu buryo burambuye bituma imiterere yatoranijwe ihura n'ibisabwa n'amategeko ndetse n'ingengo y'imari.

Imikoreshereze y'agasanduku kamwe, kabiri, n'agasanduku ka karitoli

Udupfundikizo tw’imashini imwe dukunze gukoreshwa mu bintu bitarimo akaga, bitarimo uburozi aho gusohoka guto mu kirere bidateza ingaruka mbi ku mutekano cyangwa ku bidukikije. Bishingikiriza gusa ku mazi akoreshwa mu gusiga amavuta kandi ni byo bitanga umusaruro uhendutse ku miti y’amazi cyangwa imiti yoroheje.

Ifumbire ebyiri zitegetswe gukoreshwa ku mazi afite uburozi bwinshi, kanseri, cyangwa ahindagurika. Ifumbire ebyiri zidafite umuvuduko (tandem) zitanga urwego rwo kuzigama, mu gihe ifumbire ebyiri zidafite umuvuduko (double) zikoresha amazi y’inzitizi ku muvuduko uri hejuru y’icyumba cyo kuvoma kugira ngo hatagira imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Ifumbire ebyiri zishyirwa ku maso y’ifumbire, amasoko, n’agace k’imfubyi mu gice kimwe cyateguwe mbere, zikunzwe cyane haba mu buryo bumwe cyangwa bubiri bitewe n’uburyo zihuzwa neza kandi zoroshye gushyirwaho, bigabanya cyane amakosa y’abantu mu gihe cyo kubungabunga.

Itandukaniro ry'ingenzi hagati y'ubwoko bw'ibirango

Guhitamo hagati y’imiterere y’ibikoresho bisaba uburyo butandukanye bwo guhinduranya ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga, cyane cyane kuringaniza ikoreshwa ry’imari y’ibanze (CAPEX) n’uburyo bwo kwizerwa mu gihe kirekire no kugenzura imyuka ihumanya. Nubwo imashini imwe itanga ikiguzi gito mbere y’igihe kandi yoroshye kuyishyiraho, ntabwo itanga ikiguzi cyo kuyigabanya iyo isura y’ibanze yananiwe.

Imashini zifunga zifite umuvuduko ubiri zigabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere igera hafi ya zeru (akenshi zigera ku gipimo cyo kumanuka kw'amazi kiri munsi ya 0.1 mg/m³), ariko zikenera uburyo bugoye bwo gushyigikira amazi y'inzitizi (nka API Plan 53A, 53B, cyangwa 54). Gushyira mu bikorwa imashini zifunga ebyiri hamwe na sisitemu yayo yo gushyigikira bishobora gutuma CAPEX yiyongeraho 40% kugeza kuri 60% ugereranije no gushyiraho imashini imwe. Ariko, ku miti ihumanya ikirere, iki giciro gikurwaho no gukuraho amande y'amategeko no gukumira ifungwa ry'inganda rikabije.

Ibintu bigena imiterere n'uburyo bwo guhinduranya ibintu

Gukurikiza amahame ngenderwaho y’inganda nka API 682 cyangwa ISO 21049 ni ingenzi cyane mu kwemeza ko ibintu byose bikoreshwa mu bucuruzi bw’ibinyabutabire. Aya mahame ashyira mu byiciro ibifunga hakurikijwe ingano y’umugozi, ubushyuhe, n’ibipimo by’umuvuduko, bigatuma habaho urwego rumwe rworoshya uburyo bwo kubigena.

Guhinduranya ibikoresho ni ingenzi cyane mu by'imari mu bikorwa binini. Gushyira hamwe ku gice runaka cy'imashini zifunga ibikoresho mu buryo butandukanye bigabanya ububiko bw'ibikoresho bisimburana. Gukoresha ibikoresho bishobora kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kubika ibikoresho, koroshya amahugurwa y'abatekinisiye, no kwihutisha igihe cyo gusana (MTTR) mu gihe ibikoresho byangiritse mu buryo butunguranye.

Uburyo bwo Guhitamo Bufasha Kugaragaza Ikimenyetso Gikwiye cya Mekanike

Uburyo bwo gukora ibintu mu buryo bwemewe bugabanya ibyago byo kwangirika kw'ibirango. Guhitamo ibirango by'imashini si igikorwa cyo kugura gusa; ni inzira y'ubuhanga ikorana isaba ibitekerezo bivuye mu nzego nyinshi z'ibigo. Gushyiraho uburyo bwo gusuzuma buhamye butuma ibirango byose by'ikoranabuhanga bihura n'ukuri kw'imikorere n'ubushobozi bw'ababitanga.

Isuzuma ry'intambwe ku yindi ry'ubwubatsi, kubungabunga no kugura

Uburyo butandukanye butuma ibintu byose bihinduka mu mikorere byitabwaho. Ubwubatsi bw'imikorere bugomba kubanza kugaragaza imiterere nyayo y'ibinyabutabire, ingano, n'imiterere y'ubushyuhe bw'amazi, harimo n'ibintu bishobora kwangiza ibintu bishobora gutera ingese. Abashinzwe kubungabunga nyuma basuzuma igishushanyo mbonera cy'igifuniko cyatanzwe kugira ngo byorohere gushyirwaho, basuzuma niba ikigo gifite aho giherereye hakenewe n'ibikoresho bikenewe mu buryo bugoye bwo gushyigikira.

Amaherezo, amakipe ashinzwe kugura no gutanga amasoko asesengura ikiguzi cyose cy’umutungo (TCO) aho gusesengura igiciro cy’ibanze cyo kugura gusa. Iri suzuma ry’imikorere itandukanye ryemeza ko ikirango gikomeye mu buryo bwa tekiniki kidashingiye ku gaciro k’umushinga, kandi ko ikirango cyakozwe cyane kidashyirwa ku ipompo y’amashanyarazi ifite ibyago bike.

Gupima abatanga serivisi no kwandika ubuziranenge

Amabwiriza akomeye yo kugenzura ubuziranenge agomba kwemezwa mbere yo gutanga amasoko. Abatanga ibicuruzwa bizewe bagomba gutanga inyandiko zuzuye, harimo na raporo z'ibizamini by'ibikoresho (urugero, ibyemezo bya EN 10204 3.1) kugira ngo bemeze ko ibice byatose ari inyangamugayo kandi ko elastomer ari ingenzi.

Byongeye kandi, isuzuma ry’uko uruganda rwakira ni ingenzi cyane. Ibyuma bifunganye bya mekanike bifite imikorere myiza bigomba gupimwa hifashishijwe amashanyarazi kugeza ku nshuro 1.5 z’umuvuduko wemewe w’akazi kugira ngo harebwe ubuziranenge bw’umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi. Injeniyeri zigomba kandi gusaba raporo z’ubugari bw’isura y’ibyuma bifunganye, kugira ngo bishobore kwihanganira ubugari bw’ubugari bw’urumuri rwa helium 2 kugeza kuri 3 (hafi mikoroni 0.6 kugeza kuri 0.9) kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwiza bwo gukora filime y’amazi no kugabanya amazi.

Amakosa asanzwe yo kwirinda mu bijyanye n'imiterere y'ibintu

Ubuhanga bwo kugenzura ibintu bukunze kwangiza igihe cyo gufunga. Ikosa ry'ibanze ni ukunanirwa kubara neza igipimo cy'umuvuduko w'umwuka; muri rusange hakenewe igipimo cya 10°C hagati y'ubushyuhe bw'imikorere n'aho amazi abira mu gipimo cy'umuvuduko w'agasanduku ko gushyiramo umwuka kugira ngo hirindwe ko umwuka ufunga kandi utemba.

Irindi kosa rikunze kugaragara ni ukwirengagiza guhuza amazi y’urutare mu buryo bubiri bwo gufunga. Iyo amazi y’urutare ahuye n’ibice by’urutare mu gihe cy’aho amazi y’urutare afunguye, bishobora gutera imvura, kwangirika kw’amazi, cyangwa guturika. Amaherezo, kunanirwa gutekereza ku kuntu imiyoboro y’amazi n’imashini zikoresha ikoranabuhanga ritari ry’igihe runaka bishobora gutuma amazi asohoka cyane, ibyo bikaba byangiza vuba ubushobozi bwo gukurikirana amaso y’urutare.

Uburyo bwo Guhitamo Isembo rya Nyuma rya Mekanike

Isuzuma ry’ubuhanga rirangiye risaba guhuza neza ibihinduka mu buhanga n’ubukungu. Guhitamo burundu ikirango cya mekanike bisaba urwego rusobanutse rupima ikiguzi mbere y’igihe ugereranije n’umutekano w’igihe kirekire mu mikorere. Imiterere y’ibyemezo ihamye igenzura ko ikirango cyatoranijwe gitanga uburyo bwiza bwo kugicunga nta mbogamizi zikenewe mu by’imari.

Ibipimo ngenderwaho by'ibyemezo by'ingenzi cyane

Ibyemezo bya nyuma byo gutanga amasoko bigomba kurenga amafaranga y’ibanze akoreshwa mu gushora imari. Isesengura ry’ikiguzi cy’ubuzima (LCC), riteganijwe mu gihe cy’imyaka 5 kugeza ku 10, ni cyo gipimo cy’ingenzi cyane cyo gufata icyemezo. Iri sesengura rigomba kuba rikubiyemo ikiguzi cy’ikimenyetso, ikiguzi cy’ibice bisimbura, akazi gakenewe mu gushyiraho, n’ingaruka z’amafaranga z’igihe cyagenwe cya MTBF.

Byongeye kandi, ikoreshwa ry'ingufu n'ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho bya sisitemu zo gushyigikira ibifunga bigomba gupimwa. Urugero, ibisabwa buri gihe ku gikoresho gihindura ubushyuhe muri sisitemu ya API Plan 53B gikora amasaha 8.760 buri mwaka bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku ngengo y'imari y'ikigo. Umwanzuro wa nyuma ushingiye ku kuringaniza ibi bipimo bya LCC n'ibisabwa nta kujenjeka mu kubahiriza ibidukikije no mu mutekano w'abakozi.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Imyanzuro y'ingenzi n'impamvu yo gufunga imashini ikoresha pompe y'imiti
• Ibisobanuro, kubahiriza amategeko, n'igenzura ry'ingaruka bikwiye kwemezwa mbere yo kwiyemeza
• Intambwe zikurikiraho zifatika n'ibyo abasomyi bashobora gushyira mu bikorwa ako kanya

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Ni ayahe makuru ngomba gukusanya mbere yo guhitamo imashini ifunga imashini ikoresha pompe y'imiti?

Emeza izina ry'amazi, pH, ubushyuhe, ibinure %, umuvuduko/ubushyuhe bikora n'aho bihurira, umuvuduko w'umugozi, icyitegererezo cya pompe, hamwe n'igishushanyo mbonera cy'amazi gihari. Aya makuru atuma habaho guhitamo isura, elastomer, n'icyuma.

Ni ibihe bikoresho byo gufunga bikora neza mu gutanga serivisi z'imiti ihumanya?

Ku bikoresho bikaze, ibintu bikunze kuvugurura ni SiC/SiC faces, FFKM elastomers, n'ibyuma birwanya ingese nka Hastelloy C-276. Huza ibikoresho n'urwego rw'ubushyuhe n'imiti.

Nigute nahitamo agapfundikizo k'ipompo zikoresha ibintu bikomeye cyangwa ibinyabutabire bihindura imiterere y'amazi?

Koresha imitako ikomeye nka silicon carbide, irinde imiterere ishobora kuziba, kandi ongeramo igishushanyo mbonera gikwiye cyo gukurura. Niba ibintu bikomeye ari byinshi, agapfunyika gashobora gupfuka cyangwa agapfunyika gashobora gupfuka akenshi kaba gafite umutekano.

Ese Victor Seals ishobora gutanga seal zijyanye na OEM ku bicuruzwa bya pompe za shimi?

Yego. Victor Seals itanga seal zisimbura kandi zijyanye na OEM ku bigo birimo Grundfos, IMO, Alfa Laval, APV, Flygt, Fristam, Lowara, na Allweiler kugira ngo zikoreshwe mu gusana no gusana.

Ni ryari nkwiye gukoresha agakoresho ka karito (cartridge mechanical seal) ku ipompo y'imiti?

Hitamo agapfunyika ka cartridge iyo ushaka ko ishyirwamo ryihuse, amakosa make yo gushyiraho, no kuyibungabunga neza kurushaho. Ni ingirakamaro cyane cyane ku mapompo y’ibinyabutabire y’ingenzi aho igihe cyo kudakora n’ingaruka zo gusohoka bigomba kugabanuka.