Ubuyobozi Bukuru bwa AP| Amabwiriza ya 682 y'Ibipfukisho bya Mekaniki

Intangiriro

API 682 ni yo ngenderwaho y’uburyo bwo gushyigikira imisemburo n’imashini zishyigikira imisemburo mu bikoresho bitunganya peteroli, imiti n’imyuka, aho kugenzura imyuka no gukora amasaha ari ingenzi cyane. Iyi mfashanyigisho isobanura icyo iyi ngenderwaho ikubiyemo, impamvu ibisabwa kugira ngo habeho umutekano, kwizerwa no kugenzura imyuka ihumanya, n’uburyo igena uburyo ihitamo imisemburo, gahunda z’imiyoboro, ibikoresho, n’ibizamini by’ubuziranenge. Uzabona uburyo bufatika bwo gusobanukirwa uburyo API 682 ifasha injeniyeri guhuza imiterere y’imisemburo n’imiterere y’imikorere, kugabanya kwangirika vuba, no gushyiraho imikorere ijyanye n’imikorere mu bigo bitandukanye, bitanga ishingiro risobanutse ry’ibisabwa birambuye n’amabwiriza akurikizwa.

Impamvu API 682 ari ingenzi mu kwizerwa kw'ikirango

Igipimo ngenderwaho cya API 682, ubu kiri mu cyiciro cyayo cya kane, ni cyo gisobanuro cy’ingenzi cyaibifunga bya mekaniken'uburyo bwo gushyigikira ibifunga muri peteroli, gaze karemano, nainganda z'ibinyabutabire. Yashyizweho n'Ikigo cy'Abanyamerika gishinzwe Peteroli, iyi gahunda itanga uburyo buhamye bwo kongera umutekano, ubwizerwe, no kubahiriza ibidukikije by'ipompo zikoresha centrifugal na rotary. Intego y'ibanze ya API 682 ni ukugira ngo nibura imyaka itatu (amasaha 26.280) y'imirimo idahwema kandi idasibangana nta gusana cyangwa gusimbuza.

Binyuze mu gushyiraho ingano, ibikoresho, na sisitemu zo gushyigikira, API 682 igabanya ibyago byo gufata amazi ahindagurika cyangwa ateza akaga. Ubu buryo bwo gushyiraho ingano butuma abahanga mu by'inganda bashyira mu bikorwa ibisubizo byagaragaye byo gufunga mu buryo butandukanye bw'imikorere, bigashyiraho urwego rumwe rw'imikorere y'imashini zo gufunga mu nganda ku isi.

Uburyo API 682 iyobora guhitamo igipfundikizo

Gukoresha uburyo bugoye bwo guhitamo imitako ya mekanike bisaba uburyo bunoze, API 682 itanga binyuze mu mbonerahamwe zirambuye z'imigendekere y'amazi n'ibipimo ngenderwaho by'imikorere. Ihame rigena uburyo bwo guhitamo bushingiye ku miterere y'amazi, igitutu, ubushyuhe, n'amabwiriza agenga ibidukikije. Urugero, iyo amazi y'imikoreshereze agaragaza igitutu cy'umwuka kiri munsi ya 0.34 MPa (50 psi), ihame riyobora injeniyeri ku bipimo byihariye by'icyumba cyo gufunga n'ibishushanyo mbonera byo gusohora amazi bibuza amazi guhumeka ku maso y'imitako.

Ubu buryo bwo kwemeza ibintu bukuraho gukekeranya kw'umuntu ku giti cye. Mu guhuza uburemere bwihariye, uburozi, n'ubushyuhe bw'amazi yapompewe n'ibyiciro bya API byagenwe mbere n'imiterere, abahanga mu by'ubwizerwe bashobora kugaragaza neza ibimenyetso bya mekanike bihuye n'imibare n'ubuhanga mu gukoresha.

Ingaruka z'ubucuruzi zo kudahuza neza ibirango

Gutandukira amabwiriza ya API 682 mu ikoreshwa ry’ingenzi rya hydrocarbon bitera ibyago bikomeye mu bucuruzi no mu mikorere. Ikibazo cy’ingenzi ni ukwangirika kwa Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF). Ibyuma bidafite ishingiro bikorera mu bidukikije bikomeye bishobora kwangirika isura imburagihe, kwangirika k’ubushyuhe, no gukwirakwira mu buryo bukabije.

Uretse ikiguzi cyihuse cyo gusimbuza ibikoresho, gucika kw'ibifunga bitera gutakaza inzira z'imikorere iteje akaga. Mu nzego zishyira mu bikorwa amategeko akaze agenga ibidukikije, imyuka ihumanya ikirere (VOC) akenshi igomba kuguma munsi ya 500 ppmv. Kurenga iyi mipaka bitewe n'ibisubizo byo gufunga bidakurikije amategeko bitera amande akomeye y'amategeko. Byongeye kandi, igihe cyo kuruhuka kitateganijwe mu ruganda rutunganya ibintu byinshi cyangwa uruganda rukora imiti gishobora gutera igihombo kirenze $50.000 ku munsi, bigatera ubwizigame bw'ibanze bwo guhitamo ikifunga kidakurikije amategeko ya API.

Icyo API 682 isobanura

API 682 ishyiraho uburyo burambuye bwo gushyira mu byiciro ibifunga bya mekanike hashingiwe ku bwoko bwa pompe, ibipimo by'imikorere, n'imiterere y'igishushanyo. Ubu buryo bugena neza ingano y'icyumba gifunga, bugafata ingano isanzwe y'umugozi kuva kuri mm 20 kugeza 110 (inchi 0.75 kugeza 4.3). Ubu buryo bugena imiterere butuma habaho gusimburana mu buryo butandukanye.abakora pompekandi byoroshya imicungire y'ububiko ku bakoresha ibicuruzwa.

Ubwoko bw'ikimenyetso, ibyiciro, n'iby'ibanze by'ibisabwa

Ibipimo ngenderwaho bigabanyamo ibice bitatu by'ingenzi, bigena urwego rw'ibizamini, inyandiko, n'aho imikorere igarukira. Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo mu cyiciro cya 1 bigenewe ipompo zitari API 610 zikora mu bushyuhe buringaniye (-40°C kugeza 260°C) n'umuvuduko ugera kuri 2.2 MPa (315 psi). Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo mu cyiciro cya 2 n'icyo mu cyiciro cya 3 byakorewe ipompo za API 610, zikora ubushyuhe bukabije (-40°C kugeza 400°C) n'umuvuduko ugera kuri 4.2 MPa (600 psi). Icyiciro cya 3 gisaba inyandiko zikomeye cyane n'uburyo ibikoresho bikurikiranwa.

Byongeye kandi, API 682 ishyiramo ibirango mu byiciro bitatu hashingiwe ku miterere y'igishushanyo. Ubwoko bwa A bufite ibirango biringaniye, bishyizwe imbere,ikirango cyo gusunika gikozwe mu buryo bwa karitoliifite amasoko menshi. Ubwoko bwa B bukoresha igishushanyo mbonera cy'icyuma gifunga imigozi, gikuraho impeta za O-dynamic kugira ngo hirindwe kumanikwa mu mazi ashyushye cyane cyangwa atera crystallizing. Ubwoko bwa C ni agapfukamunwa gafunga imigozi gashyiramo ibintu bihoraho. Kugira ngo bagere ku cyemezo cya API 682, abacuruzi bagomba gupima ubwo bwoko bw'agapfukamunwa mu buryo bukomeye, burimo amasaha 100 yo gupima imigozi mu buryo bukabije kugira ngo bemeze ko isura yangiritse kandi ko amazi asohoka.

Gahunda, inshingano z'imikorere, na gahunda z'imiyoboro y'amazi

Uretse kashe ya mekanike ubwayo, API 682 isobanura imiterere n'imiyoboro yo gucunga imikorere y'ikashe. Imiterere igena umubare w'ikashe n'icyerekezo cyazo. Imiterere ya 1 ikoresha kashe imwe, mu gihe Imiterere ya 2 na 3 ikoresha kashe ebyiri mu miterere idakandamijwe n'iy'umuvuduko, uko bikurikirana.

Kugira ngo iyi gahunda ikore neza, API 682 igaragaza gahunda zisanzwe zo gushyiramo imiyoboro. Izi gahunda zigena uburyo amazi yoherezwa mu cyumba cy’ifatizo kugira ngo hagenzurwe ubushyuhe, hakureho uduce duto, kandi hagenzurwe umuvuduko w’amazi. Urugero, Gahunda ya 11 ishyira amazi ava ku ipompe asohoka ajya ku ifatizo anyuze mu mwobo, mu gihe Gahunda ya 53A ikoresha ikigega cyo hanze gifite umuvuduko kugira ngo itange amazi meza yo kubuza impanuka ku ifatizo ry’ifatizo rya 3. Guhuza neza inshingano z’imikorere n’ifatizo rikwiye n’ifatizo ry’imiyoboro ni ingenzi kugira ngo hakomeze kubaho filimi z’amazi zihamye ku mpande z’ifatizo.

Uburyo bwo kugereranya amahitamo ya API 682 Seal

Guhitamo imiterere myiza y’ikizingo cya mekanike bisaba gusuzuma neza uburozi bw’ikizingo cya poroje, uburyo gishya, n’imiterere yacyo ugereranije n’uburyo butatu bw’ibanze bwa API 682. Intego y’ibanze ni ukugenzura ko ikizingo cya poroje kiva ku rugero rwiza kandi rukurikije amategeko mu gihe ucunga ubushyuhe bw’ibice bya poroje ku maso y’ikizingo.

Igihe cyo gukoresha agapfundikizo kamwe, gafite imbaraga ebyiri cyangwa gafite imbaraga ebyiri

Uburyo bwa 1 (agapfunyika kamwe) ni bwo busanzwe kandi buhendutse, bukoreshwa cyane cyane ku mazi meza kandi adateza akaga aho imyuka mito ihumanya ikirere yemerwa cyangwa igacungwa byoroshye. Ariko, iyo ukoresheje ibintu bihumanya ikirere cyangwa amazi afite amavuta make, abahanga bagomba guhindura bakajya ku dupfunyika tubiri.

Imiterere ya 2 (idafite igitutu kibiri) ikoresha agapfundikizo k'imbere k'ibanze n'agapfundikizo k'inyuma k'inyongera. Umwobo uri hagati yabyo urimo amazi akingira aguma ku gitutu kiri munsi y'icyumba gifunga - ubusanzwe kiri munsi ya 0.28 MPa (40 psi). Iyi miterere itanga uburyo bwo kwitabwaho; iyo agapfundikizo k'ibanze kananiwe, agapfundikizo k'inyongera karimo amazi akoreshwa mu mikorere. Imiterere ya 3 (ifite igitutu kibiri) itegetswe ku mazi afite uburozi bwinshi cyangwa yica. Ikoresha amazi akingira afite igitutu kibiri hagati ya 0.14 na 0.28 MPa (20 na 40 psi) hejuru y'igitutu cy'icyumba gifunga, igenzura ko amazi yose anyura mu maso y'agapfundikizo k'imbere yinjira mu mikorere, ihamya ko nta mwuka uva mu nzira usohoka.

Guhuza ibikorwa byo kugenzura imyuzure, gucunga ubushyuhe, no kubungabunga

Guhitamo hagati y’izi gahunda bisaba impinduka zikomeye mu mikorere. Gahunda ya 3 itanga urwego rwo hejuru rwo kugenzura imyanda no kubungabunga ibidukikije, ariko ahanini ishingiye ku buryo bw’ubwirinzi bw’uburyo bwayo bwo gushyigikira hanze. Iyo gahunda ya 53 cyangwa gahunda ya 54 y’amazi abuza umuvuduko, ikimenyetso cya 3 kizapfa vuba bitewe no gushyushya umuvuduko.

Gucunga ubushyuhe nabyo bigenda birushaho kugorana iyo habayeho gufunga ibintu bibiri. Guhuzagurika kw'amaseti abiri y'impande z'impande bitanga ingufu nyinshi z'ubushyuhe, bigasaba ko habaho imiyoboro ikomeye yo gukonjesha. Igipimo cy'amazi agomba kubarwa neza, akenshi kiri hagati ya litiro 4 na 15 ku munota bitewe n'umuvuduko w'umugozi n'uburyo ibikoresho byo ku ruhande bitwara ubushyuhe (urugero, karuboni ya silikoni ugereranyije na karuboni). Kubera iyo mpamvu, nubwo Gahunda ya 3 igabanya ibyago byo kurengera ibidukikije, isaba kugenzura cyane ibikorwa byo kubungabunga, gukoresha ibikoresho bigoye cyane, no gukoresha amafaranga menshi mu bikorwa ugereranije n'Ingamba ya 1 yoroshye.

Iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko, Itangwa ry'amasoko, n'igenzura

Gushaka ikirango cya mekanike gihuye na API 682 ni inzira ikomeye irenze guhitamo nomero y'igice. Iri hame ritegeka ibisobanuro birambuye, ibisabwa mu nyandiko z'umucuruzi, hamwe n'amabwiriza yemewe yo kugenzura kugira ngo habeho ubuziranenge bw'imikorere nyuma yo gushyirwaho.

Ibisobanuro birambuye n'inyandiko z'umucuruzi

Inzira yo gutanga amasoko itangirana n'urupapuro rwuzuye rwa API 682. Inzobere mu by'ubwirinzi zigomba kuzuza iyi nyandiko ibipimo nyabyo by'imikorere, harimo uburemere bw'amazi, umuvuduko ntarengwa wo gufunga, imiterere y'ubushyuhe, n'ingano y'agasanduku k'ipompo. Gusiba cyangwa gupima mu rupapuro rw'amakuru akenshi bituma agapapuro k'amakuru kananirwa gukora ikosa.

Abacuruzi basabwa gutanga ipaki isanzwe yo gushushanya no gutanga amakuru (VDD). Ibi birimo ibishushanyo rusange (GA), impapuro zirambuye z'ibikoresho (BOM), n'ibishushanyo mbonera by'uburyo bw'inyongera bwo gushyigikira ibifunga. Kubera ko hakenewe kugenzura cyane imiterere n'inyandiko, igihe cyo kuyobora ibifunga by'imashini byanditse neza mu cyiciro cya 3 gishobora kuva ku byumweru 12 kugeza kuri 16. Gukurikirana ibikoresho nabyo ni ingenzi cyane; ibice by'ingenzi akenshi bisaba icyemezo cya EN 10204 Type 3.1 kugira ngo harebwe imiterere y'ibikoresho bya metallurgike mu kurwanya amazi yangiza.

Gupima, kugenzura, kugenzura ibikoresho, no gushyiraho uburyo bwo kubikoresha

Mbere yuko agakoresho ka mekanike gasohoka mu ruganda, API 682 igena ibipimo byihariye byo gupima no kugenzura. Gupima icyuma gifunga ni ngombwa, bisaba ko igice cyacyo kigumana imbaraga inshuro 1.5 z'umuvuduko ntarengwa wemewe wo gukora (MAWP) mu gihe cy'iminota 30 nta guhindagurika cyangwa gusohoka kw'amazi.

Byongeye kandi, isuzuma ry’umwuka rya karito y’icyuma gifunga yuzuye ni ikintu gisanzwe gikoreshwa. Iteraniro rishyirwamo umuvuduko wa 0.17 MPa (25 psi) kugira ngo harebwe ubuziranenge bw’impeta za O n’uko zifatanye mbere yo koherezwa. Mu gihe cyo gutangira gukora, amabwiriza yo kugenzura ahinduka akagenzura imiterere y’imiyoboro yo hanze, akemeza ko umuvuduko w’amazi y’inzitizi wagabanijwe neza n’umuvuduko w’agasanduku k’ipompo, kandi akagenzura ko ibikoresho byose (nk’imashini zitanga umuvuduko kuri accumulator ya Plan 53B) byagenzuwe neza.

Uburyo bwo gufata icyemezo cyiza cya API 682

Gukoresha neza ingamba zo gufunga ibintu muri API 682 bisaba isesengura ryimbitse ry’ikiguzi cy’ubuzima (LCC). Abafata ibyemezo bagomba kuringaniza amafaranga akoreshwa mu bikorwa by’ibanze (CAPEX) n’amafaranga akoreshwa mu bikorwa by’igihe kirekire (OPEX), bakareba igihe cyo kubungabunga, amafaranga akoreshwa mu bubiko, n’ashoboka ko imibare ishobora gutsindwa.

Intambwe zifatika zo guhuza ibipimo ngenderwaho n'ibikenewe mu ikoreshwa

Intambwe ifatika cyane mu guhuza amahame ya API 682 n'ibikenewe mu ikoreshwa ni ugupima neza uburemere bw'umuvuduko n'umwuka w'amazi y'imikorere. Gushyira ikimenyetso gikabije ni ikosa risanzwe kandi rihenze. Urugero, gukoresha ikimenyetso cya Category 3 mu ikoreshwa ry'akazi gaciriritse bitanga amafaranga atari ngombwa mu buhanga, kuko ikimenyetso cya Category 3 gikunze gutanga igiciro cya 25% kugeza kuri 40% ugereranije n'icyiciro cya 2 bitewe n'ibisabwa byinshi mu isuzuma n'ibizamini.

Abahanga mu by’ubwubatsi bagomba gusuzuma niba ari ngombwa koko gushyiraho gahunda zigoye hashingiwe ku mategeko agenga ibidukikije n’uburozi bw’amazi. Gukoresha impapuro z’amakuru zisanzwe bituma abacuruzi bavuga ibisubizo bisa, bigatuma amakipe atanga amasoko ashobora gusuzuma ibyiza bya tekiniki aho gusuzuma ikiguzi gito cyane cy’ibanze.

Guhuza kubahiriza amategeko, ubwizerwe, n'ikiguzi

Kugira ngo ugere ku ntego y’ibanze ya API 682 y’amasaha 26.280 MTBF isaba kureba neza sisitemu yo gupompa. Nubwo imitako yakozwe mu buryo bwihariye ishobora gusa n’aho ari ngombwa mu ikoreshwa ry’ibice by’inkuta, kudakurikiza imiterere isanzwe ya API igihe cyose bishoboka bitanga inyungu zikomeye mu mikorere. Imitako ya karitsiyo isanzwe igabanya ikiguzi cyo gutwara ibintu, ikemerera ingano ntoya y’ibicuruzwa (MOQs) by’igikoresho kimwe, kandi yihutisha cyane igihe cyo gusimbuza igihe kitateganijwe.

Amaherezo, icyemezo cyiza cya API 682 ni icyo gufata ikirango cya mekanike n'uburyo bwo kugishyigikira nk'igice cyuzuye. Mu kuringaniza ibisabwa bikomeye byo kubahiriza amategeko n'ibisabwa by'ukuri byo mu nzira,inyubako z'ingandabishobora kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere idashobora guhunga, bikarinda ibikoresho bizenguruka, kandi bigatanga serivisi zo kubungabunga zitezwe kandi zihendutse.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Imyanzuro y'ingenzi n'impamvu nyamukuru ku bijyanye n'ishyirwaho ry'ikimenyetso cya Mechanical
• Ibisobanuro, kubahiriza amategeko, n'igenzura ry'ingaruka bikwiye kwemezwa mbere yo kwiyemeza
• Intambwe zikurikiraho zifatika n'ibyo abasomyi bashobora gushyira mu bikorwa ako kanya

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

API 682 mu byuma bifunga by'imashini ni iki?

API 682 ni yo ngenderwaho nyamukuru y’ibifunga by’imashini n’uburyo bwo gushyigikira bikoreshwa ku mapompo muri serivisi ya peteroli, gazi, n’ibinyabutabire. Ifasha mu kunoza umutekano, ubwizerwe, no kugenzura imyuka ihumanya ikirere.

Ni gute API 682 ifasha guhitamo ikimenyetso gikwiye cya mekanike?

Ihuza ubwoko bw'ikirango, imiterere, n'uburyo bwo gusohora amazi n'imiterere y'amazi, umuvuduko, n'ubushyuhe. Ibi bigabanya gukekeranya kandi bigafasha amakipe ashinzwe kubungabunga guhitamo imiterere y'ikirango ihamye.

Ni ibihe byiciro by'ingenzi bya API 682 by'ikimenyetso?

Icyiciro cya 1 gikwiranye n'imashini nyinshi zitari API 610, mu gihe Icyiciro cya 2 n'icya 3 ari iz'imirimo ikomeye ya API 610. Ibyiciro byo hejuru akenshi bisaba isuzuma rikomeye, kugenzura ibikoresho, no kwandika inyandiko.

Ese Victor Seals ishobora gutanga seal zisimbura zijyanye na API 682?

Yego. Victor Seals ikora ubwoko bwinshi bw'imashini zifunga hamwe n'izindi zisimburana n'izikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya OEM ku bicuruzwa byinshi bya pompe, ishyigikira ibijyanye no gusana no kubungabunga pompe z'inganda.

Kuki kubahiriza API 682 ari ingenzi ku mashini zitunganya no ku mashini zikoresha imiti?

Gukurikiza amabwiriza neza bigabanya ibyago byo kuva amazi, bikongera igihe cyo gufunga, kandi bigabanya igihe cyo kudakora neza kitateganijwe. Ni ingenzi cyane cyane ku mazi ashobora guteza akaga, ashobora gushya, cyangwa ashyuha cyane aho ikiguzi cyo gutakaza ubushobozi ari kinini.