Ni ikihe gikoresho cyiza cyo gukoresha ifuru irwanya ingese?

Intangiriro

Guhitamo ibikoresho byo gufunga imashini irwanya ingese ntabwo ari ugushaka uburyo bumwe "bwiza" ku isi yose, ahubwo ni uguhuza isura z'imashini, elastomer, n'ibice by'icyuma n'amazi, ubushyuhe, umuvuduko, n'imiterere y'imikorere. Guhuza nabi bishobora kwihutisha kwangirika, gutera ibitero bya shimi, no kugabanya igihe cyo kumara imashini, bigatera kuva amazi, igihe cyo kuruhuka, n'ingaruka z'umutekano. Iyi nkuru isobanura uburyo amahitamo asanzwe y'ibikoresho nka silicon carbide, tungsten carbide, Hastelloy, PTFE, na elastomer zidasanzwe bikora mu gutanga serivisi yo gufunga, n'uburyo bwo kubisuzuma hashingiwe ku buhanga bwa shimi kugira ngo umenye imiterere y'imashini ikwiye gukoreshwa.

Impamvu guhitamo ibikoresho ari ingenzi mu bijyanye n'imashini zirinda ingese

Kugaragazaikimenyetso cya mekanike kidahura n'ingufuni kimwe mu byemezo by'ingenzi cyane by'ubuhanga mu bijyanye no gucunga amazi.Ibyuma by'ubukanishi ni byo bifasha mu kurindahagati y’amazi akoreshwa mu buryo bukabije n’ibidukikije byo hanze, birinda imyuka ihumanya ikirere no kurinda ibice by’imbere mu mashini zikoresha pompe. Mu gutunganya ibikoresho byangiza cyane—nk’aside ikomeye, alkali zikoresha imbaraga, cyangwa imiti ihumanya ikirere—inzitizi yo kwangirika kw’ibintu iba ntaho ihuriye. Kwangirika kw’ibintu bishobora kubaho vuba, bigatuma ibintu bitakaza ubushobozi bwo kubicunga, ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije, ndetse n’ibikoresho byangiritse cyane.

Uburyo bwo guhitamo busaba gusobanukirwa neza ibijyanye n'ibyuma, tribology, na shimi ya elastomer. Ifu ya mekanike si igice kimwe cy'ibintu bihinduka; ni ihuriro ry'impande zizunguruka n'izidahinduka, ibintu byo gufunga bya kabiri, n'ibikoresho by'icyuma. Buri kimwe muri ibi bice kigomba kwihanganira ibidukikije bya shimi mu buryo bwihariye mu gihe kigumana ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira mashini mu gihe cy'umuvuduko n'ubushyuhe butandukanye. Kunanirwa guhuza ibikoresho bikwiye na shimi yihariye y'amazi bigabanya cyane igihe hagati y'ibiza (MTBF) kandi byongera ibyago byo gukora.

Ubuhanga mu mikorere, ibyago byo kuvunika kw'amazi, n'ingaruka ku gihe cyo kuruhuka

Ubuhanga mu mikorere bugena umuvuduko n'uburyo ibintu byangiritse. Amazi yo mu nganda ashobora kugaragaza urugero rwa pH rukabije, kuva kuri aside nyinshi (pH < 1) kugeza kuri alkaline nyinshi (pH > 13), buri kimwe kikibasira ibikoresho bitandukanye. Urugero, aside igabanya ogisijeni nka aside nitrike ishobora gusohora ibyuma bimwe na bimwe bitarangirika ariko ikangiza vuba ubuso busanzwe bwa karuboni. Byongeye kandi, ibintu bihumanya, bikunze kwirengagizwa mu bipimo by'amazi menshi, bishobora gukora nk'ibitera imbaraga mu mikorere y'uburozi nko gushonga cyangwa kwangirika kw'imirongo.

Ingaruka zo gusohoka kw'amazi zijyanye no guhitamo nabi ibikoresho zirenze gutsindwa kwa mekanike. Mu gutunganya imiti no gutunganya peteroli, ibintu bihumanya ikirere (VOCs) n'imyuka ihumanya ikirere bigomba kugenzurwa cyane. Amabwiriza y'Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA) akunze gutegeka ko imyuka ihumanya ikirere iguma munsi ya 500 paundi (ppm). Gucika kw'inyuma kw'ipfundo ry'ipfundo cyangwa kwangirika kwa elastomer bishobora gutera kutubahiriza amategeko ako kanya, bigasaba gufungwa byihutirwa no gutanga raporo ku bidukikije.

Ibiciro byo gutsindwa bifitanye isano no kutajyana neza kw'ibikoresho

Ingaruka z'amafaranga zo kutabasha guhuza ibikoresho ziruta cyane ikiguzi cyo kugura imashini ubwayo. Iyo imashini ipfubye vuba bitewe n'ibitero bya shimi, ikiguzi cyo kuyisimbura cyiyongeraho n'akazi gasabwa mu gukuramo ipompo, kuyikuraho no kuyisubiza mu buryo bushya. Ikigaragara kurushaho, ikiguzi kitaziguye gifitanye isano n'igihe kitari giteganyijwe cyo kudakora gishobora kuba gitangaje. Mu nganda zitunganya ibintu byinshi, ipompo idafite ubushobozi bwo gukora ishobora guhagarika umurongo w'ikorwa, bigatera ikiguzi cyo kudakora kuva ku madolari 10.000 kugeza ku madolari arenga 50.000 ku isaha bitewe n'inganda n'agaciro k'ibicuruzwa.

Byongeye kandi, gusohora amazi yangiza bishobora kwangiza ibikoresho bikikije. Ifunze ryangiritse ryemerera imiti ikaze kwibasira umugozi wa pompe, amaberari, n'aho moteri zikorera. Ikintu gitangira nk'ipfunze ry'ifunze ryihariye gishobora kwiyongera vuba kikavamo ipfunze rikomeye rya pompe risaba kongera kubaka inkingi y'ifunze cyangwa gusimbuza umugozi. Gushora imari mu bikoresho bikwiye birwanya ingese mbere y'igihe—nubwo byongera ikiguzi cya mbere cy'ibice ku kigero cya 200% kugeza kuri 300%—bitanga inyungu nyinshi ku ishoramari (ROI) binyuze mu kongera igihe MTBF izamara kuva ku mezi make kugeza ku myaka myinshi.

Amahitamo y'ibikoresho byo gushyiramo imitako irwanya ingese

Kubaka ikirango cya mekanike kidahura n’ingese bisaba guhitamo ibikoresho byihariye ku bice bitatu bitandukanye: isura y’ikirango cy’ibanze, ibikoresho by’icyuma (amasoko, imigozi yo gukurura, n’uturemangingo), n’ibintu bya kabiri byo gupfuka (impeta za O na gasket). Buri gace gafite imikorere yihariye, bivuze ko ibikoresho bikora neza cyane nk’impeta ya O idahinduka bishobora kuba bidakwiye na gato ku buso bw’ikirango gitanga ubushyuhe.

Bifunga ibikoresho byo ku maso nka silicon carbide

Isura y'ingenzi y'ikimenyetso ni yo ngingo y'ingenzi cyane, kuko igumana icyuma cy'amazi gito cyane mu gihe izengurukana.Karubide ya silikoni (SiC)ifatwa cyane nk'igikoresho cyiza cyane cyo ku ruhande rw'ubushyuhe mu gukoresha imiti ikaze. By'umwihariko, karubide ya silikoni ikozwe mu buryo butaziguye (alpha) itanga ubushobozi bwo kurwanya imiti hafi ya yose mu rugero rwa pH kuva kuri 0 kugeza kuri 14 kandi ishobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bugera kuri 300°C (572°F). Bitandukanye na karubide ya silikoni ikozwe mu buryo butaziguye, irimo silikoni yigenga ishobora gukurwamo na aside hydrofluoric ikomeye, SiC ikozwe mu buryo bwa alpha igumana imiterere ihamye hafi ya yose mu buryo bukabije.

Izindi ngero z'ibikoresho byo ku maso zirimo tungsten carbide (WC) n'ubwoko butandukanye bwa karubone. Tungsten carbide irakomeye cyane kandi ntigira ingaruka, bigatuma ikoreshwa mu gukurura ibintu bikabije, ariko ubushobozi bwayo bwo kurwanya ibinyabutabire bushingiye cyane ku kintu gifata. Tungsten carbide ifata nikeli muri rusange ikundwa kuruta cobalt-bounded mu bidukikije byangiza, nubwo ikiri nkeya kuri SiC mu bintu bikaze. Isura ya karubone ifata antimoni cyangwa resin-bounded ikunze gukoreshwa nk'impeta yo guhuza SiC bitewe n'ubushobozi bwayo bwiza bwo kwisiga, iyo amazi adafite ogisijeni ikomeye yibasira imiterere ya karubone.

Ibyuma n'ibyuma birwanya ingese

Ibice by'icyuma bigize ikirango, harimo n'agapira k'ingufu, agakoresho ko mu gikoni, n'amasoko, bigomba kurwanya ingese n'ibitero byo mu gace nk'aho bicukurwa n'ingufu no gucika kw'ingufu (SCC). Nubwo icyuma kitagira umugese 316 ari cyo gipimo ngenderwaho mu nganda zikora serivisi rusange, gishobora kwibasirwa cyane n'ingufu ziterwa na chloride. Ku bidukikije bikomeye, abahanga mu by'imashini bagomba kugaragaza alloys zo mu rwego rwo hejuru hashingiwe ku mubare wazo wa Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN). PREN iri hejuru ya 40 ikenerwa cyane kugira ngo chloride cyangwa aside ikaze ikoreshwe.

Hastelloy C-276 (PREN > 45) ni imwe mu mabuye y’agaciro ya nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloys akoreshwa cyane, itanga ubudahangarwa budasanzwe kuri gaze ya chlorine itose, hypochlorites, hamwe n’ubwoko bwinshi bwa aside organic na inorganic. Titanium Grade 2 ikunze gutoranywa mu gukoresha oxidize no mu mazi yo mu nyanja bitewe n’uko ikomeza kandi irinda oxide, nubwo ishobora kwibasirwa na chlorine yumye. Alloy 20 ni indi mahitamo asanzwe, yakozwe by’umwihariko kugira ngo irwanye aside sulfure ku bushyuhe bwinshi n’ibipimo byayo.

Elastomer n'ibintu byo gufunga bya kabiri

Ibintu byo gufunga bya kabiri, akenshi ni impeta za O, bitanga agafunga gahoraho hagati y’aho agafunga ka mekanike gahurira n’agasanduku k’ipompo. Guhitamo elastomeri akenshi ni cyo kintu kigabanya imikorere y’ibinyabutabire n’ubushyuhe bw’agafunga. Fluoroelastomeri (FKM), izwi cyane ku izina rya Viton, ni ibisanzwe kuri aside nyinshi zoroshye n’amazi akomoka kuri peteroli ariko bigabanuka vuba muri ketone, amine, na alkali zikomeye.

Ku bijyanye no kurwanya ingese cyane, perfluoroelastomers (FFKM), nka Kalrez cyangwa Chemraz, zirakenewe. Ibinyabutabire bya FFKM bitanga ubudahangarwa bwa shimi busa na PTFE ariko bigumana ubushobozi bwo kubika neza bukenewe mu gufunga ibintu. Bishobora kwihanganira ibinyabutabire bikomeye, aside ikomeye, n'ibice by'ishingiro ku bushyuhe buhoraho bugera kuri 327°C (620°F). Iyo ingengo y'imari ibuza ikoreshwa rya FFKM yuzuye, impeta za FKM cyangwa silicone O-rings za PTFE zitanga ubundi buryo buhendutse, butanga ubudahangarwa bwa shimi bw'ikoti rya PTFE hamwe n'ubudahangarwa bwa mekanike nk'ubw'inyuma ya elastomer.

Uburyo bwo gusuzuma ibikoresho bya "Seal" hakurikijwe imiterere ya serivisi

Gusuzuma ibikoresho by'uburinzi bisaba kurenga imbonerahamwe z'ibanze zijyanye n'imiti no gusesengura imiterere y'ibidukikije bikorerwamo. Ibintu bidafite uburinzi mu bushyuhe bw'icyumba bishobora kwangirika vuba iyo bihuye n'ubushyuhe buterwa n'uburinzi ku maso y'uburinzi cyangwa iyo ingano y'amazi ihindagurika mu gihe cy'ihindagurika ry'imikorere. Abahanga mu by'imashini bagomba gusuzuma imiterere yose ya thermodynamic na chemical y'ikoreshwa.

Ibihinduka mu mikorere nk'ubwinshi, kloride, n'ubushyuhe

Ubushyuhe, ubwinshi, no kuba hari iyoni runaka bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku gipimo cya corruption. Urugero, icyuma cya 316 kidashonga neza ku mazi ashyushye, ariko iyo chloride irenze 1000 ppm kandi ubushyuhe bukarenga 60°C (140°F), icyo gikoresho kiba gishobora kwangirika cyane no gucika kw'ingufu (SCC) no gucika vuba. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ikoreshwa ry'amazi ashyushye cyangwa amazi yo mu nyanja rikunze gusaba ibyuma bya corruption cyangwa titanium.

Ingano ya aside ni ingenzi cyane. Aside sulfuriki ifite imiterere idahindagurika: aside sulfuriki igabanya ubushyuhe irangiza cyane ibyuma byinshi, ikenera Hastelloy cyangwa Alloy 20, mu gihe aside sulfuriki igabanya ubushyuhe (>90%) rimwe na rimwe ishobora gufatwa n'ibyuma bisanzwe bya karuboni ku bushyuhe bw'ikirere bitewe no gukora filime ya sulfate ihindagurika. Ariko, iyo aside igabanya ubushyuhe ikuye mu kirere, igabanuka ry'ubushyuhe rihita ritangira igitero gikomeye ku bikoresho by'icyuma bifunga.

Ibintu bifitanye isano n'ibipimo by'igereranya

Guhitamo ibikoresho byiza akenshi bisaba kuringaniza imiterere y’imashini n’iya shimi. Nubwo silicon carbide ikozwe muri alpha-sintered itanga ubudahangarwa budasanzwe bwo kwangirika, iracikagurika cyane. Iyo pompe ihuye n’ihindagurika rikomeye ry’imitsi cyangwa ihindagurika ry’umugozi, amaso ya SiC ashobora kwangirika cyane. Mu bikorwa aho guhungabana kwa mashini ari ikibazo cy’ingenzi hamwe n’ihindagurika ry’imitsi, abahanga bashobora kwangirika bakoresheje isura ya tungsten carbide ikomeye, nubwo idakoresha imiti myinshi.

Ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubushyuhe ni ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi cyo kugereranya. Isura y'ipfundikizo ikora ubushyuhe bukomeye bwo gushwanyagurika, bugomba gukwirakwizwa mu mazi kugira ngo budacana amazi ngo abe umwuka. SiC ifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo gutwara ubushyuhe, ikura ubushyuhe kure y'aho ipfundikirizwa vuba cyane kurusha alumina ceramic cyangwa karuboni. Ubu bushobozi bugabanya ibyago byo guhungabana k'ubushyuhe kandi bukanaramba igihe cya elastomer ya kabiri.

Iyo kuvugurura ibikoresho rimwe gusa bidahagije

Mu bikorwa bimwe na bimwe bikomeye, kuvugurura ibyuma n'ibikoresho byo ku ruhande by'icyuma kimwe ntibihagije kugira ngo bibe byizerwa. Iyo amazi afite ibyago byinshi, uburozi, cyangwa ashobora gushonga iyo ahuye na ogisijeni yo mu kirere, gukoresha bisabaimitako ibiri yakozwe mu buryo bwa mekanikeIbyuma bibiri bifunga bikoresha amatsinda abiri y'ibyuma bifunga kandi bigashyiramo uruzitiro cyangwa amazi afunga hagati yabyo.

Dukurikije gahunda zisanzwe zo gukwirakwiza imiyoboro y’amazi mu kigo cy’Abanyamerika gishinzwe peteroli (API), nka API Plan 53A cyangwa 54, amazi y’umuvuduko azenguruka hagati y’ibifunga by’imbere n’iby’inyuma. Aya mazi agumana umuvuduko uri hagati ya 10% na 15% (ubusanzwe 1.5 kugeza kuri 2.0 bar) hejuru y’umuvuduko w’agasanduku k’imyanda gakoreshwa mu gupima ipompo. Kubera ko amazi y’umuvuduko ari hejuru, amazi yose anyura mu maso y’ibifunga by’imbere yinjira mu nzira, bigatuma amazi y’umuvuduko adashobora kugera ku bice by’ibifunga by’imbere cyangwa ngo asohoke mu kirere. Iyi ngamba yemerera ibikoresho by’ibifunga by’imbere gukorwa mu bikoresho bisanzwe kandi bihendutse.

Ingingo zo Gutanga Isoko n'Iyubahirizwa ry'Amategeko mu Guhitamo Ibikoresho

Gushaka imitako irinda ingese bikubiyemo gukoresha imiyoboro igoye yo gutanga ibicuruzwa, gucunga igihe kirekire cyo gukoresha ibikoresho bidasanzwe, no kubahiriza amabwiriza y’inganda. Kunanirwa kwandika no kugenzura neza imiterere y’ibikoresho bishobora gutera gutsindwa gukomeye n’inshingano zikomeye z’amategeko, cyane cyane mu nzego zigenzurwa cyane nkapeteroli na gaze, imiti, n'itunganywa ry'imiti.

Amabwiriza ngenderwaho, inyandiko, n'uburyo bwo gukurikirana

Gukoresha ibintu bifite ibyago byinshi bisaba inyandiko zikomeye kugira ngo byemezwe ko ibikoresho byavuzwe byakoreshejwe mu kubaka iki gikoresho. Mu nganda zikora peteroli, ibikoresho bya mekanike bigomba gukurikiza amahame ya API 682 4th Edition, agena ibyiciro byihariye by'ibikoresho ku miterere itandukanye ya serivisi. Ku bikoresho birimo hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ibice by'icyuma bigomba kubahiriza NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 kugira ngo hirindwe ko sulfide yacika.

Kugira ngo barebe ko ibintu byose bishobora gupimwa neza, abahanga mu by’amasoko bakunze gusaba raporo z’ibipimo by’ibikoresho (MTRs) ku bice byose by’icyuma byatose. Byongeye kandi, ibigo bishobora gukora isuzuma ry’ibintu byiza (PMI) nyuma yo kubona ikimenyetso. PMI ikoresha isesengura rya X-ray fluorescence (XRF) kugira ngo yemeze neza imiterere y’ibice by’icyuma, igenzura ko umucuruzi atasimbuje icyuma cya 304 kitarangirika ku buryo butaziguye Hastelloy C-276 yasabwe.

Ubushobozi bw'umutanga serivisi n'ingaruka zo kubona isoko

Gushaka aloyi zidasanzwe na elastome zikora neza bifite ingaruka mbi.

Uburyo bwo guhitamo uburyo bwiza bwo guhuza ibikoresho

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Imyanzuro y'ingenzi n'impamvu nyamukuru yo gufunga imashini irwanya ingese
• Ibisobanuro, kubahiriza amategeko, n'igenzura ry'ingaruka bikwiye kwemezwa mbere yo kwiyemeza
• Intambwe zikurikiraho zifatika n'ibyo abasomyi bashobora gushyira mu bikorwa ako kanya

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Ni ikihe gikoresho cyo ku ruhande gisanzwe gikoreshwa mu gufunga kidatwarwa n'ingufu?

Karubide ya silikoni ikozwe muri Alpha-sintered akenshi ni yo nziza kurusha izindi zose kuko ifata neza aside nyinshi, alkali, n'ubushyuhe bwinshi kurusha ubuso busanzwe bwa karuboni.

Ni ryari tungsten carbide cyangwa carbone zigomba kwirindwa?

Irinde karuboni isanzwe mu bintu bihumanya cyane cyangwa byangiza cyane. Witondere karuboni ya tungsten aho bishoboka ko yangiza imiti; banza urebe neza niba amazi ahuye n’amazi mbere yo kuyatoranya.

Ese isura zose za silikoni carbide seal zirwanya ingese zingana?

Oya. Alpha-sintered SiC muri rusange itanga ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ibinyabutabire kurusha SiC ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ibinyabutabire, cyane cyane mu bintu bikomeye bitera indwara ndetse no mu bintu bimwe na bimwe birwanya ibinyabutabire.

Ni ibihe bice bindi by'icyuma bigomba kwirinda kwangirika uretse amaso?

Reba kandi ibice by'icyuma na elastomer. Impeta, imitsi, n'impeta za O bigomba kuba bihuye n'amazi, ubushyuhe, n'umuvuduko w'amazi bitabaye ibyo, agapfundikizo gashobora kwangirika nubwo haba hari ubuso bwiza.

Ese Victor Seals ishobora gufasha guhuza seals zirwanya ingese n'ubwoko bwa pompe za OEM?

Yego. Victor Seals itanga imitako ikoreshwa na OEM kandi igasimbuza imashini ku bigo byinshi by’inganda bitanga pompe, bigafasha amakipe ashinzwe kubungabunga ibikoresho bikwiye byo gukoresha mu mirimo yo kwangiza.